• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

The applicability of the USEPA's (United States Environmental Protection Agency) three criteria of enhanced coagulation (criterion 1-TOC level less than 2 mg/l. before chlorination; criterion II-% requirement of TOC removal; criterion III-point of diminishing return) for Korean waters was evaluated in this study. This study also investigated an effect of enhanced coagulation on turbidity removal, and attempted to identify the best coagulant for enhanced coagulation. Three different waters were used in this study: one river water and two lake waters. five different coagulants were used: alum, liquid alum, PACl, ferric chloride with and without water. Results of this study showed that all three criteria were achievable for the tested waters. For these waters, controlling criterion was found to be different depending upon raw water characteristics. When initial Toe level was low(< 4 mg/L), criterion I (< 2 mg/L) could be the controlling criterion. As TOC level increased, criterion II (% TOC removal) became the controlling criteria. It was possible to achieve different goals of turbidity and TOC removals. Although the optimum region of TOC removal was more acidic than that of turbidity removal, there was no conflict between these two removals. The best coagulant was found to be different depending upon the evaluation tool: maximum and optimum removal. ferric chloride was more effective than alum in terms of the maximum TOC removal, while Al-based coagulant such as alum or PACl was the best coagulant in terms of the optimum TOC removal.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.511-519
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 국내에서 운영 중인 대형 LPG(Liquefied petroleum gas: 액화석유가스) 지하공동저장소 주변 오염지하수 내 TOC(total organic carbon: 전유기탄소)를 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 탈기법(air-stripping) 기반의 정화공정을 개발하기 위해, 국내 LPG 지하저장소 주변 두 종류의 오염 지하수 시료(초기 TOC 농도는 각각 608 mg/L와 153 mg/L)를 대상으로 TOC 제거 실내 실험을 하였다. 다양한 air-stripping 조건(공기주입량 변화, 온도 변화, 초음파 처리 연계 등)에서 처리수의 TOC 제거효율을 비교함으로써, 최적의 TOC 제거효율을 가지는 air-stripping 기반의 지하수 정화공정을 개발하고자 하였다. Air-stripping의 공기 주입량 변화 실험 결과, 공기주입량이 2 L/min에서 11 L/min로 많아질수록, stripping 시간이 1시간에서 24시간으로 길어질수록, 오염지하수의 TOC 제거율은 증가하였지만, 처리 후 지하수의 TOC 농도는 방류수 수질 기준(100 mg/L 이하)보다 높았다. 정성분석 결과 실험에 사용한 LPG 지하저장소 주변 오염지하수의 TOC 주요 성분은 메탄올과 프로판으로 나타났으며, 메탄올의 경우 물과의 친화성에 의해 air-stripping 효과가 프로판보다 낮아, 장시간의 stripping이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 상온(20℃)에서 공기주입량 4 L/min로 24시간 air-stripping 후 오염 지하수의 TOC 제거효율은 59.1%였으나, 온도를 30℃와 40℃로 상승시켰을 때 제거효율은 각각 80.0%와 82.8%로 증가하여, 온도 증가에 따라 TOC 제거효율도 증가하였다. 다만 오염지하수의 온도를 40℃로 유지하여도 24시간 이상 air-stripping을 해야 처리수의 TOC 농도가 방류수 수질 기준을 만족하였다. Air-stripping의 TOC 제거효율을 높이기 위해, 초음파 처리 과정을 병행한 경우, 공기주입량 9 L/min 조건으로 air-stripping을 적용한 결과 5시간 만에 87.8%의 높은 제거효율을 나타내어(처리 후 TOC 농도: 72.4 mg/L) 방류수 수질 기준(100 mg/L)을 만족하였다. 초기 TOC 농도가 낮은 오염지하수의 경우에도 초음파 처리와 air-stripping을 동일한 조건으로 병행한 경우, TOC 제거효율은 89.7%(처리 후 TOC농도: 18.9 mg/L)를 나타내었다. 연구 결과로부터 TOC로 오염된 대형 LPG 지하공동저장소 주변 지하수에 대하여 초음파 처리와 air-stripping을 연계한 정화법을 적용하는 경우, 비교적 짧은 시간(6시간 이하)에 효과적으로 지하수 내 TOC를 제거할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2000

수질계의 부식산을 화학적 산화처리하기 위한 방법의 하나로 광산화공정을 도입하여 부식산의 특성 변화를 조사하였다. 광산화공정은 UV단독, UV/$TiO_2$ 및 UV/$H_2O_2$ 시스템을 실험하였다. UV 단독 조사시 TOC 제거율은 pH 7-9에서 가장 높았으며, 흡광도는 강알카리성 영역에서 감소율이 향상된 결과를 보였다. 각 시스템별로 처리도를 보면, UV/$TiO_2$ 시스템의 경우 $TiO_2$ 의 농도가 50ppm 일때 TOC 제거와 흡광도 감소의 효율이 높았으며 50ppm 이상을 투입해도 처리율에 변화가 없었다. UV/$H_2O_2$ 시스템에서는 과산화수소의 농도가 20mM이 최적의 주입농도로 조사되었으며, 그 이상 투입할 경우 TOC와 흡광도의 처리율이 저하되었다. 탄산이온을 첨가할 경우, TOC 제거율 및 UV 흡광도의 감소율 모두 감소하며, TOC 제거율이 흡광도 감소율에 비해 상대적으로 더 크게 나타났다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.57-61
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• 2000

Stapylococcus auricularis was used for the simultaneous removal of phosphorus and Total Organic Carbon(TOC) in the wastewater from sewage and various industries. In this study, the characteristics of phosphorus removal was investigated with initial ratio of TOC phosphorus in the synthetic wastewater. When the synthetic wastewater containing 15mg/L of phosphorus was treated under anaerobic and conditions, phosphorus was removed completely within 6 hours of operation. And when the initial ratio of TOC to phosphorus was 30, as high as 10 times the removal rate of phosphorus by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was achieved. These results implied that a long adaptation time, one of the chief problems in biological phosphorus removal process was overcome.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2000

This study was carried out to find the optimal condition to treat refractory organic matter which can’t treat clearly with biological treatment and to find the optimal division dosage and division dose timing in the modification of Fenton oxidation which is used resolve the problem that hydrogen peroxide is too expensive. The results are following; 1. The highest TOC removal efficiency was 41% and color removal efficiency was 64% when the dilution magnitude of leachate is fold. This suggests that dilution is efficiency when high concentration of leachate is treated. 2. The removal efficiency of TOC and color increased up to the molar ratio between ferrate and hydrogen peroxide was 1:1. However above that ratio, removal efficiency hardly increased. The highest removal efficiency of TOC and color were 38% and 71% when the mole ratio of ferrate to hydrogen peroxide was 1.5:1. 3. When the mole ratio between ferrate and hydrogen peroxide was fixed, the removal efficiency of TOC and color increased as the dosage of hydrogen peroxide increased. 4. pH of samples were adjusted at pH 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. After oxidation reaction, pH of samples were dropped to 2.59, 2.54, 5.34, 6.36 and 9.68. The highest color removal efficiency was 75.7% when initial pH was at pH 7. 5. The removal of TOC and color was ended within 10. min. and the removal efficiency increased logarithmically within 10min. However after 10 min., the removal efficiency of hardly increased. 6. The color removal efficiency was higher with modification of fentone oxidation than that with fentone oxidation by 5%. Optimal division dosage ratio was 1:1 and optimal dose timing ratio was 2:1. However the TOC removal efficiency was not higher with modification of Fenton oxidation than that with Fenton oxidation.7. The CO $D_{Mn}$ /BO $D_{5}$ Ratio decreased with the time went by. It meant bioresolution increased as time went by. However, after 15 min., the CO $D_{Mn}$ /BO $D_{5}$ Ratio did not decrease any more. 8. In the case of $H_2O$$_2$ Divisiom Dose experiment, the increase of bioresolution was highest at the $H_2O$$_2$ Division dosage Ratio of 3:7.3:7.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.2321-2327
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• 2015

본 연구는 급격한 수질변화에 따른 현장 적용에 적합한 응집제를 선정하고, 응집제 별 최적 주입량을 찾기 위해 aluminium sulfate, poly aluminum chloride, poly aluminum silicate chloride를 이용하여 Jar-Test와 Pilot-Test의 검증으로 실험 하였다. 분석 항목은 탁도, TOC, pH로 제거율을 측정하였다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 PASC의 경우 기존 응집제 인 Alum이나 PAC 보다 최적 주입량 (15 mg/L)이 상대적으로 적었으며, 제거율도 높게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. Jar-Test에서는 원수 탁도 3-20 NTU 범위에서 응집제(PASC)의 최적 주입량을 주입하였을 때, 탁도 제거율(80%)과 TOC 제거율(89%)이 가장 높았으며, Pilot-Test에서는 원수 탁도 3.6-27 NTU 범위에서 응집제 최적 주입량을 주입하였을 때 탁도 제거율(82%)과 TOC 제거율(88%)을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 응집제의 제거 효과는 원수 탁도와 TOC가 높아질수록 상승하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2010

This study investigated the decomposition of fenitrothion in Smithion, which is applied on the golf course for pesticide, by the integrated Zero-valent iron(ZVI) and Granular activated carbon(GAC) process. First, the removal efficiencies of the fenitrothion by ZVI and GAC, respectively, were investigated. Second, the removal efficiencies of the fenitrothion by the integrated ZVI and GAC were investigated. The removal efficiencies of fenitrothion by ZVI were higher than those of TOC. The removal efficiencies of fenitrothion and TOC by GAC were similar. As the dosages of ZVI and GAC were increased, the removal efficiencies of fenitrothion and TOC increased. However, as the dosages of ZVI for pretreatment were increased, the adsorptions of fenitrothion on GAC were hindered.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the variation of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus in $(AO)_2$ SBBR process according to the variation of operating cycle at the high TOC concentration. The operation time in anoxic (anaerobic) time to oxic time was 1:1. Three lab-scale SBBRS were fed with synthetic wastewater based on glucose as carbon source, The variation of total TOC removal was similar each other irrespective of operation time, however, the TOC concentrations in SBBRs showed a little difference according to the operating condition. In SBBR, complete nitrification was not occurred at all reactors, however, R3 showed a higher nitrification than R2. And in SBBR, the variation of operating time more affected at phosphorus removal than nitrogen removal. R2 which had the shortest time at the 1st aeration time showed the lowest phosphorus release and uptake efficacy.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.451-461
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• 2006

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted to study the conversion of sludge from conventional activated sludge to nitrogen-phosphorus removal sludge using two types of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems, a conventional SBR and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR). The nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics were similar between SBR and SBBR and the removal efficiencies were very low when the influent TOC concentrations were low. The nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies in SBR were 96% and 77.5%, respectively, which were higher than those in SBBR (88% and 42.5%) at the high influent TOC concentration. In SBBR, the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification was occurred because of the biofilm process. The variations of pH, DO concentration and ORP were changed as the variation of influent TOC concentration both in SBR and SBBR and their periodical characteristics were cleary shown at the high influent TOC concentration. Especially, the pH, DO concentration and ORP inflections, were cleary occurred in SBR compared with SBBR.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2008

During the full-scale water treatment operation at "G" Water Treatment Plant in Seoul, we investigated changes in pore volume distribution and specific surface area of GAC with time. The pore volume of the used GAC decreased to the level below 0.6 cc/g while that of the brand new GAC was ranged 0.7~0.9 cc/g. The specific surface area of GAC pores changed within the range between $1100{\sim}1200m^2/g$ and $700{\sim}800m^2/g$. Bacteria attached to the surface of GAC shows a gradual increase ($0.4{\time}10^6{\sim}8.5{\time}10^6CFU/g$) under scanninig electron microscope (SEM). TOC removal was enhanced due to growth of the attached bacteria on GAC. It was found that TOC removal was closely related with physical parameters (pore volume, specific surface area) linearly under the investigated conditions. The used GAC need to be exchanged into new one or re-generated to remove organic matters (TOC) effectively from the finished drinking water.