• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.692-697
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• 1997

Creatine and 3,4-Dimethylhippuric acid (3,4-DMHA), a glycine conjugate of 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene (1,2,4-TMB) were determined in the urine of workers exposed to 1,2,4-TMB vapor. The best condition for the simultaneous determination of 3,4-DMHA and creatine by high performance liquid chromatography was obtained by reverse phase $C_{18}$ column (4.6${\times}$150mm, 5${\mu}m$) as stationary phase and 20% acetonitrile in 20mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 4mM sodium octylsulfate(SOS)as mobile phase. The recovery of 3,4-DMHA spiked to blank urine in the range of 1~5${\mu}g$/ml was about 96%. The concentration of urinary 3,4-DMHA of workers had a positive correlation with the environmental level of 1,2,4-TMB (r=0.866). The data suggest that urinary 3,4-DMHA concentration is a useful biological index for 1,2,4-TMB exposure.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.297-302
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• 2006

Melittin, a major component of bee venom, produces a sustained decrease in mechanical threshold, and an increase in spontaneous flinchings and paw thickness, which are characteristics similar to those induced by whole bee venom. Melittin-induced nociception has been known to be modulated by the changes in the activity of excitatory amino acid receptors, voltage-dependent calcium channels, cyclooxygenase and serotonin receptors. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of calcium chelators (TMB-8 & Quin 2) in melittin-induced nociceptive responses. Changes of mechanical threshold and spontaneous flinching behaviors were measured at a given time point following intraplantar injection of melittin ($30{\mu}g/paw$). Intrathecal or intraplantar pre-administration and intrathecal posttreatment of TMB-8 and Quin 2 significantly prevented the melittin-induced reduction of mechanical threshold, and intraplantar or intrathecal pre-treatment of TMB-8 and Quin 2 suppressed melittininduced flinching behaviors. These results indicate that calcium ion in the spinal dorsal horn neurons and peripheral nerves plays an important role in the production and maintenance of mechanical allodynia and spontaneous pain by melittin.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2009

Hydrazones of isonicotinic acid hydrazide, viz., N-isonicotinamido-furfuralaldimine (INH-FFL), N-isonicotnamido-cinnamalidine (INH-CIN) and N-isonicotnamido-3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzaldimine (INH-TMB) were prepared by reacting isonicotinic acid hydrazide with respective aromatic aldehydes, i.e., furfural, cinnamaldehyde or 3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzaldehyde. A new series of fifteen complexes of cobalt(II) with these new hydrazones, INH-FFL, INH-CIN and INH-TMB, were synthesized by their reaction with cobalt(II) salts. The infrared spectral data reveal that hydrazone ligands behave as a bidentate ligand with N, O donor sequence towards the $Co^{2+}$ ion. The complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. Analytical data reveal that the complexes have general composition [Co($L)_2X_2]\;and\;[Co(L)_3](ClO_4)_2$ where L= INH-FFL, INH-CIN or INH-TMB and X = $Cl^-,{NO_3}-,\;NCS^-\;or\;CH_3COO^-.$ The thermal behaviour of the complexes were studied using thermogravimetrictechnique. Electronic spectral results and magnetic susceptibility measurements are consistent with the adoption of a six-coordinate geometry for the cobalt(II) chelates. The antimicrobial properties of cobalt(II) complexes and few standard drugs have revealed that the complexes have very moderate antibacterial activities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.487-496
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to develop the preliminary source fingerprints of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The source categories studied were vehicles, gasoline vapor, gasoline storage tank, coating, dry cleaning and road covering. The source samples were collected using 6L electro-polished stainless steel canisters for about 20 seconds. From this study, the main component emitted from VOC sources in Korea was toluene. The toluene proportion for road covering, vehicles, coating and gasoline vapor were 35, 18, 16 and 5%, respec- tively. The C$_2$-C$\sub$5/ alkane and alkene compounds were mainly emitted from vehicles, gasoline vapor and gasoline storage tank. The main compounds of coating were m/p-xylene(34%), toluene(16%), 1,2,4-TMB(10%) and o-xylene(9%), which are aromatic hydrocarbons. In the case of dry cleaning, nonane(41%), 1,2,4-TMB (22%) and 1,3,5-TMB(13%) were mainly emitted.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 1992

In $Ca^{++}$ containing media, arachidonic acid markedly stimulated superoxide and $H_2O_2$ generation and activated NADPH oxidase. In $Ca^{++}$ free media, stimulatory action of arachidonic acid on NADPH oxidase was not detected. Arachidonic acid-stimulated respiratory burst was inhibited by EGTA, TMB-8, verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, dibucaine, lidocaine, CCCP, 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium arsenate, chlorpromazine, theophylline, $HgCl_2$, PCMB and PCMBSA but not affected by tetrodotoxin, tetraethylammonium chloride and procaine. EGTA almost completely inhibited release of ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ by arachidonic acid and verapamil, CCCP and theophylline slightly inhibited it, whereas dibucaine did not show any significant effect. Arachidonic acid induced $Ca^{++}$ release from intact neutrophils and it was decreased by TMB-8. Arachidonic acid-induced elevation of intracellular free $Ca^{++}$ level was inhibited by EGTA and CCCP and slightly inhibited by TMB-8. Amount of intracellular free $Ca^{++}$ increased by either arachidonic acid plus verapamil or arachidonic acid plus dibucaine was greater than that by arachidonic acid alone. These results suggest that various changes of biochemical events may be implicated in the functional expression in neutrophils activated by arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid appears to elevate cytosolic free $Ca^{++}$ level by stimulating $Ca^{++}$ release from intracellular $Ca^{++}$ storage sites. During activation of neutrophils, $Ca^{++}$ influx and efflux may be accomplished, simultaneously.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to explore the cognitive function of Korean-Chinese stroke patient in China. Method: The study sample was 100 who were possible to communicate and agreed. The data were collected from one Brain's hospital at Yanji in China and by trained nurse from December 12, 2005 to April 28, 2006. The measurement tools were Digit span, Trail making, and MMSE-K. The data were analysed by SPSS Win 11.5 using frequency, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: The mean score of DSF was 5.07, 3.42 of DSB, 161.37 of TMA, 229.28 of TMB, 22.64 of MMSE-K. There was a significant difference in DSF (F=6.35, p=.001), DSB (F=6.10, p=.001), TMA (F=3.53, p=.018), TMB (F=3.26, p=.025), MMSE-K score (F=12.97, p=.000) according to age, and DSF (F=6.67, p=.000), DSB (F=6.01, p=.000), TMA (F=5.82, p=.001), TMB (F=6.23, p=.001), and MMSE-K score (F=13.02, p=.000) according to educational level, and DSF (F=5.35, p=.006), DSB (F=3.16, p=.047), TMA (F=3.30, p=.041), TMB (F=3.42, p=.037), and MMSE-K score (F=4.95, p=.009) according to duration of disease, and DSB (F=3.54, p=.018), and MMSE-K (F=6.05, p=.001) according to frequencies of hospitalization. There was high correlation between DSF and DSB (r=.581, p=.000), TMA and TMB (r=.936, p=.000), MMSE-K and DSF (r=.579, p=.000), MMSE-K and DSB (r=.591, p=.000), DSF and TMA (r=.727, p=.000), and DSF and TMB (r=.721, p=.000). Conclusion: The cognitive evaluation score of Korean-Chinese stroke patients in China was in normal limit. The age, educational level, duration of disease and income were significant demographic characteristic affecting cognitive function. Further study need to compare the cognitive function of Korean-Chinese stoke patients in China and stoke patients in Korea.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.40.1-40.11
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• 2021

Mutation signatures represent unique sequence footprints of somatic mutations resulting from specific DNA mutagenic and repair processes. However, their causal associations and the potential utility for genome research remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed PanCancer-scale correlative analyses to identify the genomic features associated with tumor mutation burdens (TMB) and individual mutation signatures. We observed that TMB was correlated with tumor purity, ploidy, and the level of aneuploidy, as well as with the expression of cell proliferation-related genes representing genomic covariates in evaluating TMB. Correlative analyses of mutation signature levels with genes belonging to specific DNA damage-repair processes revealed that deficiencies of NHEJ1 and ALKBH3 may contribute to mutations in the settings of APOBEC cytidine deaminase activation and DNA mismatch repair deficiency, respectively. We further employed a strategy to identify feature-driven, de novo mutation signatures and demonstrated that mutation signatures can be reconstructed using known causal features. Using the strategy, we further identified tumor hypoxia-related mutation signatures similar to the APOBEC-related mutation signatures, suggesting that APOBEC activity mediates hypoxia-related mutational consequences in cancer genomes. Our study advances the mechanistic insights into the TMB and signature-based DNA mutagenic and repair processes in cancer genomes. We also propose that feature-driven mutation signature analysis can further extend the categories of cancer-relevant mutation signatures and their causal relationships.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.181-189
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• 2023

The Covid-19 pandemic has increased demand for chlorine-based sanitizing solutions, most of which contain hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as an active agent. Free chlorine (HOCl) in these sanitizers is crucial for their efficacy. Disposable test strips are affordable and convenient tools for determining various qualitative and quantitative parameters. In this study, disposable opto-chemical test strips were developed by physically immobilizing 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and o-dianisidine (o-D) reagents on chromatography and filter paper-based test strips for the visualization and detection of free chlorine in the form of HOCl. The reagents undergo a rapid color change upon reaction with chlorine through a redox reaction. The paper-based test strips showed rapid color change within a minute and a low sample volume requirement (1 ml). This portable, disposable paper-based test strip is a simple and cost-effective way to rapidly detect the presence of HOCl sanitizers for home and field applications. Both TMB and o-D successfully detected chlorine. Chromatography paper proved to be the more efficient option among the two papers used as substrates for the reagents (TMB and o-D). It exhibited high retention capacity and high performance in terms of color transformation when reacting with HOCl, even after two months of storage.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1990

The responsiveness of various arterial smooth muscles isolated from rabbit to peptide YY (PYY) and the calcium source responsible for the muscles to contract were studied in vitro. PYY contracted the muscle strips of femoral, basilar and common iliac arteries more sensitively than renal, superior mesenteric and common carotid arteries. Common carotid and renal arteries were less sensitive to PYY $(p{\leqslant}0.05)$ than to NE; and basilar artery was more sensitive to PYY$(p{\leqslant}0.01)$ than to NE. A calcium channel blocker, verapamil and an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release, 3, 4, 5-Trime-thoxybenzoic arid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester [TMB-8] significantly $(p{\leqslant}0.001)$ suppressed the concentration-response of the strips from femoral artery to PYY. When both verapamil and TMB-8 existed in normal PSS, the concentration-response to PYY was inhibited almost completely; and a similar suppression was observed when the muscle was incubated in calcium-free, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid [EGTA] containing PSS. The results of these experiments suggest that increased PYY activity in circulation may result in the more sensitive increase in the intracranial vascular resistance and the cerebral arterial pressure than the increased sympathetic activity and that both intra- and extracellular calcium are to be utilized for the PYY-induced contraction on arterial smooth muscle.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-73
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• 2011

Because of the slowdown in economic growth of developed countries, emerging countries are appearing as the new global market. Each country is paying attention to the BOP market of emerging countries to substitute for the markets of import demand of advanced countries due to the global financial crisis. Europe and Japanese corporations are set on taking over the BOP markets, highly appreciating the potential of BOP market. Now it is high time that Korea should recognize the possibility of BOP market and analyze emerging countries and set up strategic planning to react to them. China and India have the highest latent ability as emerging countries in Asia. Korea is well positioned within the market thanks to the conclusion of CEPA with India. Therefore, the government and leading conglomerates need to establish an effective model with which to advance their existing market entry strategy to approach the BOP market of India in the mid to long term. That is, they have to set up a TMB model which fits India such as marketing competence, an on-site adaptability, quick decision making, and constructing a close and customized strategy for all the social stratum of India's population. Establishing a TMB model in India will be the bridgehead to advancing the BOP market to neighboring countries which will allow us to extend our reach to other countries in South Asia and the world BOP market hereafter.