• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.40-43
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• 2000

Groundwater qualities in Nakdong river region were investigated during 1999 and 2000. Groundwater samples were collected twice from about 150 sites over the region. The EC and TDS obtained in first survey (October, 1999) show rather high values than those in second survey(April, 2000) and this seems to be caused by groundwater temperature. There is obvious positive correlation between EC and TDS. For the study area, the following equation can be written : TDS(mg/l) = <0.64~0.70> x EC($mutextrm{s}$/cm). As the concentration of major ions increases in natural condition, there is a tendency that the ratio of TDS and EC has consistent value. This observation suggests that TDS measurement can be replaced by EC measurement in the some ranges.

• 멤브레인
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2008

전도성 활성탄소와 폴리비닐리덴플로라이드(PVDF)를 이용하여 제조된 탄소막을 이용하여 폐수의 Total dissolved Solid (TDS)를 제거할 수 있는 탄소막 시스템을 제조하였다. 100 ppm의 NaCl, $Na_2SO_4,\;MgCl_2,\;MgSO_4$수용액을 이용하여 탄소막의 기본 특성을 알아보았으며, (주)경인양행의 실제폐수인 염료폐수로부터 TDS를 제거하는 실험을 위하여 가로 ${\times}$ 세로가 각각 20cm인 탄소막 240장으로 구성된 Pilot 규모의 탄소막 시스템을 구성하였다. 원폐수를 초순수로 적절히 희석하여 제조된 6가지의 TDS (941, 2050, 2810, 3830, 4960, 6030 ppm)를 지닌 실제폐수를 이용하여 제조된 Pilot규모의 탄소막 시스템의 TDS 제거성능을 알아보았으며, 여러 운전조건에 따른 탄소막 시스템의 분리특성을 알아보았다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2019

This study is focused on effects of factors that affect the formation of THMs during chlorination in drinking water treatment. During the chlorination, chlorine consumption is increased by increasing the initial chlorine dose, the pH and the total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration. Also THMs formation is increased up to $58.82{\mu}g/L$ and $55.54{\mu}g/L$ by increasing initial chlorine concentration and increasing pH. However, concentration of chloroform is decreased by increasing TDS concentration. This is caused the cation($Na^+$) of the total dissolved solids preferentially reacts with the functional groups of the organic material which influence the trihalomethane formation. But total trihalomethane formation is increased up to $127.46{\mu}g/L$ by $Br^-$ contained in the total dissolved solids. DOC reduction was not influenced by any of the factors.

• 기술사
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.60-67
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• 1999

299 chemical analyses are used to study the characteristics of mineral and thermal waters in South Korea. Even though the concentration of chemical components in thermal waters are generally very low, mineral waters having components more than 1,000 ppm of dissolved total solid(TDS) are reached up to 19% total analyses data, In Germany, Japan or some other countries, mineral and thermal waters are detined not only by water temperature, but also by chemical components. The principle of Law in Japan in also almost same with the German regulations. However, the Law for thermal spring In Korea permit thermal water to be qualifiled only by water temperature. For including chemical characters into the regulations or Law of thermal spring, the limit values of TDS and other 9 micro components related to mineral and thermal waters was selected through this study.

• 기술사
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2000

299 chemical analyses are used to study the characteristics of mineral and thermal waters in South Korea. Even though the concentration of chemical components in thermal waters are generally very low, mineral waters having components more than 1,000 ppm of dissolved total solid(TDS) are reached up to 1975 of total analyses data, In Germany, Japan or some other countries, mineral and thermal waters are defined not only by water temperature, but also by chemical components. The principle of Law in Japan is also almost same with the German regulations. However, the Law for thermal spring In Korea permit thermal water to be qualifiled only by water temperature. For including chemical characters into the regulations or Law of thermal spring, the limit values of TDS and other 9 micro components related to mineral and thermal waters was selected through this study.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2016

An Artificial Neural Network including a Radial Basis Function (RBF) and a Time Delay Neural Network (TDNN) was used to predict total dissolved solid (TDS) in the river Zayanderud. Water quality parameters in the river for ten years, 2001-2010, were prepared from data monitored by the Isfahan Regional Water Authority. A factor analysis was applied to select the inputs of water quality parameters, which obtained total hardness, bicarbonate, chloride and calcium. Input data to the neural networks were pH, $Na^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, Carbonate ($CO{_3}^{-2}$), $HCO{_3}^{-1}$, $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$ and Total hardness. For learning process 5-fold cross validation were applied. In the best situation, the TDNN contained 2 hidden layers of 15 neurons in each of the layers and the RBF had one hidden layer with 100 neurons. The Mean Squared Error and the Mean Bias Error for the TDNN during the training process were 0.0006 and 0.0603 and for the RBF neural network the mentioned errors were 0.0001 and 0.0006, respectively. In the RBF, the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and the index of agreement (IA) between the observed data and predicted data were 0.997 and 0.999, respectively. In the TDNN, the $R^2$ and the IA between the actual and predicted data were 0.957 and 0.985, respectively. The results of sensitivity illustrated that $Ca^{2+}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ parameters had the highest effect on the TDS prediction.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.436-444
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• 1996

전주근교 약수터 15개 지점에 대하여 그들의 수질특성을 1993년 7월부터 1994년 5월까지 1년 동안에 걸쳐 물속의 삼중수소를 기준으로 삼중수소와 TDS, 삼중수소와 전도도, 삼중수소와 $Cl^-$, 그리고 삼중수소와 총경도의 관계로부터 평가하였다. 이들 약수터 물은 빗물과 유사한 단물, 유동기간이 짧으며 흙층을 통과한 센물, 유동기간이 길고 암반층을 유동한 약한센물, 유동기간이 길고 암반층을 유동한 단물의 특징적 그룹으로 나눌 수 있으며 대부분 빗물과 유사한 물로 해석되었다. Hashimoto의 Mineral Balance Index에 의하면, J-4용천수만 맛있고 건강한 물로 평가되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2005

Groundwater sampled from 24 tube wells of three districts namely Sherpur, Gaibandha and Naogaon in Bangladesh was appraised for their water quality for irrigation and agro-based industrial usage. All waters under test were slightly alkaline to alkaline (pH = 7.2 to 8.4) in nature and were not problematic for crop production. As total dissolved solid (TDS), all groundwater samples were classified as fresh water (TDS<1,000 mg/L) in quality. Electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values reflected that waters under test were under medium salinity (C2), high salinity (C3) and also low alkalinity (S1) hazard classes expressed as C2S1 and C3S1. As regards to EC and soluble sodium percentage (SSP), groundwater samples were graded as good and permissible in category based on soil properties and crop growth. All water samples were free from residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and belonged to suitable in category. Water samples were under soft moderately hard, hard and very hard classes. Manganese, bicarbonate and nitrate ions were considered as major pollutants in some water samples and might pose threat in soil ecosystem for long-term irrigation. For most of the agro-based industrial usage, Fe and Cl were considered as troublesome ions. On the basis of TDS and hardness, groundwater samples were not suitable for specific industry. Some water samples were found suitable for specific industry but none of these waters were suitable for all industries. The relationship between water quality parameters and major ions was established. The correlation between major ionic constituents like Ca, Mg, K, Na, $HCO_3$ and Cl differed significantly. Dominant synergistic relationships were observed between EC-TDS, SAR-SSP, EC-Hardness, TDS-Hardness and RSC-Hardness.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.123-137
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• 2015

우리나라에서 육성된 콩 품종 90개에 대하여 종자의 발아 전 침종처리에 따른 발아능과 발아율을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 침수량과 침종일수에 따른 콩 종자의 발아력은 침수량이 증가하고, 침종일수가 증가할수록 낮아졌는데, 침수량 90ml와 3일간 침종에서 품종간의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 종자의 수분흡수는 침종 후 6시간까지 급격하게 증가한 후 완만하게 증가하다가 24시간 이후부터는 줄어들었는데, 나물콩의 수분 흡수가 가장 낮았고, 밥밑콩의 수분함량이 가장 낮았다. 용존산소량은 침종 후 3시간까지는 급격히 감소하다가 그 이후에는 완만하게 감소하였는데, 풋콩 및 올콩은 침종 3시간 후부터 용존산소량이 가장 낮았으나 24시간이후에는 다른 용도의 콩에 비해 높아졌다. 전기전도율과 TDS는 침종 후 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였는데 풋콩 및 올콩이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 장류콩, 밥밑콩이 높았으며 종자의 크기가 작은 나물콩이 가장 낮았다. 침종 후 발아율이 높은 품종은 장류콩에서는 장수콩, 나물콩에서는 소백나물콩, 밥밑콩에서는 선흑콩, 그리고 풋콩 및 올콩에서는 선록콩이었으며, 발아율이 낮은 품종은 장류콩에서는 익산과 송학콩, 나물콩에서는 방사콩, 밥밑콩에서는 진율콩, 풋콩 및 올콩에서는 신록콩이었다. 전기전도율과 TDS가 낮은 품종들은 발아율이 높았고, 높은 품종은 발아율이 낮은 경향이었다. 종자의 수분흡수가 낮은 품종들은 발아율이 높아 수분흡수와 발아율은 부의 상관이 있었다. 종자의 무게가 높은 품종은 전기전도율과 TDS가 높았으며, 종자의 무게가 낮은 품종은 전기전도율과 TDS도 낮아 정의 상관이 있었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2011

Groundwaters were sampled from 730 wells being used for drinking purposes during 2007-2009. These samples were analysed using a gas-flow type GPC (Gas Proportional Counter) according to the USEPA method (900.0). We obtained a gross-alpha counting TDS (total dissolved solid) efficiency curve (Y = 0.0017X2 - 0.3122X + 19.165, X = TDS, Y = efficiency, $R^2$ = 0.9734) using natural uranium standard to get gross ${\alpha}$ value of the samples. The gross alpha values ranged from MDA (minimum detectable activity) to 14.88 pCi/L and 429 samples showed values higher than MDA (< 0.9 pCi/L). Correlations of the uranium values with the total alpha values and the gross-alpha values indicate that uranium values have high impacts on gross-alpha values. Groundwater samples of study areas were classified into four regions according to the rock types; plutonic (granite) rock region (427 areas), metamorphic rock region (181 aeras), sedimentary rock region (70 areas), volcanic rock region (52 areas). Groundwater of Cretaceous granite presented the highest gross-alpha value. Gross alpha in groundwaters showed no relationship with uranium in terms of the geological ages, rocks and minerals.