• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8093-8100
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• 2016

Background: Genetic and environmental factors play important roles in pathogenesis of digestive tract cancers like those in the esophagus, stomach and colorectum. Folate deficiency and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) as an important enzyme of folate and methionine metabolism are considered crucial for DNA synthesis and methylation. MTHFR variants may cause genomic hypomethylation, which may lead to the development of cancer, and MTHFR gene polymorphisms (especially C677T and A1298C) are known to influence predispositions for cancer development. Several case control association studies of MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) have been reported in different populations with contrasting results, possibly reflecting inadequate statistical power. Aim: The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between the C677T polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer. Materials and Methods: A literature search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer link and Elsevier databases was carried out for potential relevant articles. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated to assess the association of MTHFR C677T with the susceptibility to CRC. Cochran's Q statistic and the inconsistency index (I2) were used to check study heterogeneity. Egger's test and funnel plots were applied to assess publication bias. All statistical analyses were conducted by with MetaAnalyst and MIX version 1.7. Results: Thirty four case-control studies involving a total of 9,143 cases and 11,357 controls were retrieved according to the inclusion criteria. Overall, no significant association was found between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer in Asian populations (for T vs. C: OR=1.03; 95% CI= 0.92-1.5; p= 0.64; for TT vs CC: OR=0.88; 95%CI= 0.74-1.04; p= 0.04; for CT vs. CC: OR = 1.02; 95%CI= 0.93-1.12; p=0.59; for TT+ CT vs. CC: OR=1.07; 95%CI= 0.94-1.22; p=0.87). Conclusions: Evidence from the current meta-analysis indicated that the C677T polymorphism is not associated with CRC risk in Asian populations. Further investigations are needed to offer better insight into any role of this polymorphism in colorectal carcinogenesis.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.559-564
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• 2016

The Durbin-Watson (DW) test in regression model and the Ljung-Box (LB) test in ARMA (autoregressive moving average) model are typical examples of correlated error tests. The DW test is used for detecting autocorrelation of errors using the residuals from a regression analysis. The LB test is used for specifying the correct ARMA model using the first some sample autocorrelations based on the residuals of a tted ARMA model. In this article, simulations with four data generating processes have been carried out to evaluate their performances as correlated error tests. Our simulations show that the DW test is severely dependent on the assumed AR(1) model but isn't sensitive enough to reject the misspecified model and that the LB test reports lackluster performance in general.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 1990

Clinical and epedemiologic studies of coronary heart disease(CHD)have from time to time over the last three decades found associations between prevalence of CHD and behavioral attributes and cigarette smoking. The main purpose of this study is reduced to major risk factor of coronary heart disease through prohibition of smoking and control of behavior pattern. The subjects consisted of 120 smokers and 90 non-smokers who were married men older than 30 years working in officers. The officers were surveyed by means of questionnaire September 26 through October 6, 1989. The Instruments used for this study was a self-administered measurement tool composed of 59 items was made through modifications of Jenkuns Activity Survery(JAS). The Data were analysed by SAS(Statistical Analsis System) program personal computer. The statistical technique used for this study were Frequency, x$^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The 15 items were chosen with items above 0.3 of the factor loading in the factor analysis. In the first factor analysis 19 factors were extracted and accounted for 86% of the total variance. However when the number of factors were limited to 3 in order to derive Jenkins classification, three factors were derived. There names are Job-Involvement, Speed & Impatience, Hard-Driving. Each of them includes 21 items, 21 and 9, respectively. The results of this study were as follow : 1. The score of the smoker group and non-smoker group in Job-Involvement(t＝5.7147, p＜0.0001), Speed & Impatience(t＝4.6756, p＜.0001), Hard-Driving(t＝8.0822, p＜.0001) and total type A behavior pattern showed statistically significant differences(t＝8.1224, p＜.0001). 2. The score of type A behavior pattern by number of cigarettes smoked daily were not statistically significant differences. 3. The score of type A behavior pattern by duration of smoking were not significant differences. It was concluded that the relationship between smokers and non - smokers of type A behavior pattern was statistically significant difference but number of cigarettes smoked daily and duration of smoking were not significant differences. Therefore this study is needed to adequate nursing intervention of type A behavior pattern in order to elevated to educational effect for prohibition of cigarette smoking.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

Background: Investigation in gender differences of kinetics and kinematics for individuals with patellar femoral pain syndrome (PFPS) was not sufficiently performed. Objects: The purpose of this study is that whether there is a difference depending on gender from muscle activity and strength and knee valgus angle during controlled single-leg squat which is widely used as clinical movement test for the patient with PFPS. Methods: 20 young adults (10 men, $20.0\pm}2.1$years; 10 women, $20.4{\pm}2.1$years) with PFPS were voluntarily recruited in this study. Muscle activity and strength and knee valgus angle were collected during single-leg squat. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the differences between groups of male and female. Results: Rectus femoris (t=-2.204, p=.041) and vastus medialis oblique (t=-2.151, p=.045) muscle activity of women were significantly higher than male group. Normalized muscle strength of hip and knee muscles showed a significant difference between men and women (p<.05). Valgus angle of the knee in women (t=-2.450, p=.025) were increased significantly than men. Conclusion: The therapist would consider the characteristics of these gender differences during performing movement test, exercise, and education for the individuals with PFPS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify the completion and related factors on Advance Directives (AD) in olde adults. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Participants were 196 old adults, 65 and over aged in D metropolitan city. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test, and logistic regression with SPSS 22.0 program. The rate of completion intention toward AD was 58.2% in the participants. There were different age, Living alone, subjective health status, awareness toward AD, and negative attitude toward death by completion intention toward AD. In the regression analysis results, the predictors of completion intention toward AD was awareness toward AD in old adults. The findings of the study reveal that positive awareness toward AD can predict completion of AD of healthy old adults in community.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.318-326
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze differences in toddler teachers' perception and application of the contents of the Standard Educare Curriculum. The participants of this study were 205 toddler teachers in charge of two-year-old children at childcare centers in Jollanamdo. For the survey, a questionnaire was prepared for the purposes of this study based on the contents of the $3^{rd}$ Standard Educare Curriculum. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 through frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, paired sample t test, independent sample t test, F test, and Duncan's post hoc test. The results are as follows. First, toddler teachers' perception of the contents of the National Standard Educare Curriculum was high, and the level of understanding was higher than when their academic degree was high. Second, toddler teachers' application of the contents of the Standard Educare Curriculum was relatively high. Third, there was a significant difference between toddler teachers' perception of the contents of the Standard Educare Curriculum and their actual application of the contents.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2019

Purpose In in-vitro laboratories of nuclear medicine department, when the reagent lot or reagent lot changes Comparability test or parallel test is performed to determine whether the results between lots are reliable. The most commonly used standard domestic laboratories is to obtain %difference from the difference in results between two lots of reagents, and then many laboratories are set the standard to less than 20% at low concentrations and less than 10% at medium and high concentrations. If the range is deviated from the standard, the test is considered failed and it is repeated until the result falls within the standard range. In this study, several tests are selected that are performed in nuclear medicine in-vitro laboratories to analyze parallel test results and to establish criteria for customized percent difference for each test. Materials and Methods From January to November 2018, the result of parallel test for reagent lot change is analyzed for 7 items including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA-125, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), HBs-Ab and Insulin. The RIA-MAT 280 system which adopted the principle of IRMA is used for TSH, FT4, CEA, CA-125 and PSA. TECAN automated dispensing equipment and GAMMA-10 is used to measure insulin test. For the test of HBs-Ab, HAMILTON automated dispensing equipment and Cobra Gamma ray measuring instrument are used. Separate reagent, customized calibrator and quality control materials are used in this experiment. Results 1. TSH [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(low concentration) [14.8 / 4.4 / 3.7 / 0.0 ] C-2(middle concentration) [10.1 / 4.2 / 3.7 / 0.0] 2. FT4 [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(low concentration) [10.0 / 4.2 / 3.9 / 0.0] C-2(high concentration) [9.6 / 3.3 / 3.1 / 0.0 ] 3. CA-125 [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(middle concentration) [9.6 / 4.3 / 4.3 / 0.3] C-2(high concentration) [6.5 / 3.5 / 4.3 / 0.4] 4. CEA [%diffrence Max / Mean / median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(low concentration) [9.8 / 4.2 / 3.0 / 0.0] C-2(middle concentration) [8.7 / 3.7 / 2.3 / 0.3] 5. PSA [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(low concentration) [15.4 / 7.6 / 8.2 / 0.0] C-2(middle concentration) [8.8 / 4.5 / 4.8 / 0.9] 6. HBs-Ab [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(middle concentration) [9.6 / 3.7 / 2.7 / 0.2] C-2(high concentration) [8.9 / 4.1 / 3.6 / 0.3] 7. Insulin [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(middle concentration) [8.7 / 3.1 / 2.4 / 0.9] C-2(high concentration) [8.3 / 3.2 / 1.5 / 0.1] In some low concentration measurements, the percent difference is found above 10 to nearly 15 percent in result of target value calculated at a lower concentration. In addition, when the value is measured after Standard level 6, which is the highest value of reagents in the dispensing sequence, the result would have been affected by a hook effect. Overall, there was no significant difference in lot change of quality control material (p-value>0.05). Conclusion Variations between reagent lots are not large in immunoradiometric assays. It is likely that this is due to the selection of items that have relatively high detection rate in the immunoradiometric method and several remeasurements. In most test results, the difference was less than 10 percent, which was within the standard range. TSH control level 1 and PSA control level 1, which have low concentration target value, exceeded 10 percent more than twice, but it did not result in a value that was near 20 percent. As a result, it is required to perform a longer period of observation for more homogenized average results and to obtain laboratory-specific acceptance criteria for each item. Also, it is advised to study observations considering various variables.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate of a knowledge scale for lymphedema in patients with breast cancer. Methods: 34 preliminary items were made according to literature review, then verified content validity, construct validity, and reliability of the scale. 28 items among them were confirmed through content analysis by 4 experts. After a preliminary test, a survey for 156 breast cancer patients was performed for confirming construct validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using factor analysis, independent t-test, and KR-20. Results: This scale had 28 items consisting of 2 categories: prevention and self-care of lymphedema. Construct validity was confirmed by known-group technique because there were some categories consisted of just one or two items, and some mismatches between categories and items in factor analysis. Women who were educated about lymphedema scored significantly higher than women who had not (t=-3.92, p<.001). Reliability was appropriate (KR-20=.81). A percentage of correct answers was 74.6%, but it was from 31.8% to 96.1%. Conclusion: The study shows that this scale is reliable and valid to measure the knowledge of lymphedema. This scale can be effective to assess and educate the patients with breast cancer.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2005

This research topic evaluates the effectiveness and importance of environmental protection in the 21st century in light of the increasing demand on the earth's natural resources and the pressures on economic and industrial development to provide dynamic power. As the world and our fellow citizens become more conscious of environmental protection, companies are under greater pressure whilst pursuing economic growth. Therefore, domestic manufacturers have been devoting efforts to promote environmental management. This research conducts survey using questionnaires on the operational performance of the manufacturers who have ISO 14000 series accreditation and certification. The survey considers five dimensions/functions within a manufacturer, financial management, human resources management, production management, and marketing management. A total of 35 indices are used for analysis of the effects that the location, history, industry, number of employees, amount of capital, and revenue may have on the performance. This research targets the manufacturers approved of ISO 14000 series certification by Environment Administration Association. The statistical methods deployed are descriptive statistics, T-test, and single factor analysis of variance used for analysis. The conclusions reveal that a certain level of performance has been achieved in every dimension. After T-test, all the indices have reached a significant level. The indications are that ISO 14001 benefits all manufacturers the level of benefits however varies from company to company.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.8
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• pp.118-131
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences in cosmetics brand selection by product type, and the differences in ambivalent cosmetics consumption attitude by ambivalent clothing consumption attitude. The subjects of the study were females aged 20 plus, living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province between January and February 2008, and 427 questionnaires were used for analysis. For data analysis SPSS 17.0 statistical program was used, and principal component analysis, paired t-test and t-test were conducted. The results and conclusions of this study are as follows: firstly, the differences in cosmetics brand selection by product type were investigated. The results showed that domestic high-priced brands of skincare products were selected most often, that foreign high-priced brands of base products and color products were selected most frequently, that domestic low-and medium-priced brands of hair products were selected most often, and that foreign low-and medium-priced brands of body products were selected most frequently. In particular, foreign high-priced brands of color products were most favored, followed by domestic low-and medium-priced brands. The subjects selected foreign high-priced brands, which are the most expensive, and domestic low-and medium-priced brands, which are the least expensive, at the same time. They displayed ambivalent consumption patterns. Secondly, the differences in cosmetics consumption attitude by ambivalent clothing consumption attitude were examined. Groups high on ambivalent clothing consumption attitude had a higher cosmetics consumption attitude than groups low on ambivalent clothing consumption attitude.