• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.141-148
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• 2017

The oxidation ditch (OD) is one of the most widely used processes for treating municipal wastewater. However, the microbial communities in the OD systems have not been well characterized, and little information about the shift of bacterial community during the startup process of the OD systems is available. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community changes during the startup period (over 100 days) of a full-scale OD. The results showed that the bacterial community dramatically changed during the startup period. Similar to the activated sludge samples in other studies, Proteobacteria (accounting for 26.3%-48.4%) was the most dominant bacterial phylum in the OD system, but its relative abundance declined nearly 40% during the startup process. It was also found that Planctomycetes proliferated greatly (from 4.79% to 13.5%) and finally replaced Bacteroidetes as the second abundant phylum in the OD system. Specifically, some bacteria affiliated with genus Flavobacterium exhibited remarkable decreasing trends, whereas bacterial species belonging to the OD1 candidate division and Saprospiraceae family were found to increase during the startup process. Despite of the bacterial community shift, the organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the effluent were always in low concentrations, suggesting the functional redundancy of the bacterial community. Moreover, by comparing with the bacterial community in other municipal wastewater treatment bioreactors, some potentially novel bacterial species were found to be present in the OD system. Collectively, this study improved our understandings of the bacterial community structure and microbial ecology during the startup of a full-scale wastewater treatment bioreactor.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.487-497
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• 2017

South Korea needs reorganization of dispute resolution system due to the frequent occurrence of a case that trade secret or technique are leaked. First, the distributed various laws are established and enforced by enacting and enforcing individual laws. Therefore, the redundancy problems, the collision of individual laws, the decline in diversity, integrity, and connectivity are issues. An independent legal system is needed by Act on the Prevention and Protection of Technology Leakage. Thereby, The support system of technological protection that is sprayed in government departments such as the Small and Medium Business Administration, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Patent Office, the Fair Trade Commission, the Trade Committee, the National Police Agency, and the Spy Agency integrates and unifies institutionally, and it is necessary to advance a policy with functional division. Second, the Patent Tribunal, the Invention Promotion Act, the Industrial Property Right Dispute Mediation Committee by the patent law, the Industrial Technical Dispute Mediation Committee on the Industrial Technology Outflow Prevention and Protection Law and the Medium and Small Firm Dispute Mediation and Arbitration Committee on Small Business Technology Protection Support Law are installed. However, since it established the integrated law on the Act on the Prevention and Protection of Technology Leakage, it is desirable to set the merged operation of establishment on the Technical Dispute Mediation Committee under the Small and Medium Business Administration or the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.351-351
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• 2017

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are particular soil fungi that benefit many crops and require a symbiosis with plant roots to survive. In our previous study, there was a positive correlation between AMF root colonization and soybean grain yield in a four-year consecutive winter cover crop-soybean rotational system without phosphorus fertilizer. It is suggested that higher AMF root colonization can be a better solution for improving soybean growth and grain yield in P-limited soil. Our purpose in this study was to test the hypothesis that a P application is the main factor improving soybean growth, P nutrition and grain yield, and the benefit from AMF to soybean P uptake and growth in a P-limited soil. Impact of a P application on AMF root colonization and communities in soybean roots and their potential contribution to soybean growth and P nutrition under a five-year P-unfertilized crop rotational system were investigated over two-years. In this study, four cover crop treatments included 1) wheat (Triticum aestivum); 2) red clover (Trifolium pratense); 3) rapeseed (Brassica napus); and 4) fallow in the crop rotation. The amount of triple superphosphate as a P fertilizer applied rate after cultivation of cover crops was 120 and $360k\;ha^{-1}$ in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soybean roots were sampled at full-flowering and analyzed for AMF communities using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) techniques. The AMF root colonization in the soybean roots at full bloom stage was significantly influenced by cover crop and P application throughout the two-year rotation. The two-year rotation of different cover crops or fallow impacted the molecular diversity of AMF communities colonizing roots of soybean. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that AMF communities colonizing roots of soybean were significantly different among cover crop rotations. The AMF communities colonizing roots of soybean were clearly influenced by a P application in the two-year trial. Moreover, a P application may have positively impacts on the AMF communities under P-deficit soil due to the continuous cover crop-soybean rotational system without a P fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 1997

Geographic Information Systems(GIS) are very useful for spatial analysis and policy in local government administration. Recognizing the value of GIS, Chungnam province authorities put a spur on the introduction and development of it. But they have some difficulty in this process because of technical restraint, expertise shortage and budget limit. This study has surveyed current achievement and conditions for GIS development and presented general framework and subordinate tasks to build up GIS. First of all, there are a few prior conditions to guarantee the success of GIS: First, we should set up reasonable long-term plan and follow systematic procedures according to the plan. Second, it is essential to clarify what initiatively manage to whole business and so we should make up GIS-Board as an institutional center for this job. Third, we must research how to take advantage of already existing NGIS(National Geographic Information System), so that we may eliminate redundancy of investment. We can save a lot of finance and human resources through it. Fourth, we must focus on the importance of accurate mapping by utilizing new technology like GPS(Global Positioning System). Fifth, we should arrange efficient training program to constantly produce excellent human resources for GIS.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.281-290
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• 2021

The scope of fire services has been expanded from local fire prevention to rescue and first aid services, and the fire services system has been converted from an autonomous fire services system to a wide-area fire services system, and the status of fire officers has been unified as a national public servant. However, the underlying problem remains unsolved. One is a problem related to the conversion of fire services to state affairs, and the other is that Fire officers converted to national public servants are in charge of fire services which are evaluated as local autonomous affairs. The controversy over the nature of fire service stems from uncertainty and redundancy in the coordination of office function and distribution between the State and Local governments, and incomplete legislation that fundamentally fails to achieve systematic unity of office work and status. The fire service has a national responsibility as an affair that includes the existence of the state and the welfare and order of the people along with the police affairs. That is, affairs related to the safety of the people that protect the lives, bodies and properties of the people should be understood as State affairs. 「The LOCAL AUTONOMY ACT」 stipulates that local governments cannot perform State affairs such as affairs necessary for the existence of the nation, affairs requiring performance in a uniform manner throughout the nation, and affairs of nationwide or similar scale unless otherwise provided by the law. Fire Service should be regarded as such affairs. Considering that the rights to the safety and life of the people and the duty to protect the people are the duty of the nation, it is necessary to keep in mind that the reason for the change fire officers to the national public servants was not basically just a matter of treatment and finance.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.297-322
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• 2009

Child policy has focused on needy children with special emphasis on residual services but youth policy has implemented to promote capabilities of general adolescents by various activities. The fragmented implementation of child-youth policy by several ministries resulted in possible redundancy of target groups and insufficient service delivery system. Thus, the Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Family Affairs has pushed forward to integrate service delivery systems in child-youth policy after the former Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Government Youth Commission were integrated as part of a government reorganization plan. The purpose of this study is to review limitations of Lee Myung-bak government's plan to integrate child-youth policy and to make important suggestions for effective integration. Lee Myung-bak government's plan seeks to help children and adolescents prepare for the future and move forward with dreams and hope. However, this plan has fatal problems of overemphasizing the efficiency of finance without expansion of budget for children and adolescents. To achieve well-being tailored to one's life cycle, the full-scale expansion of budget is indispensible through the induction of the special fund or the special tax for children and adolescents. Fortunately, Lee Myung-bak government recognized child-youth policy as the social investment that would heighten national competitiveness in the long term, but there was insufficient child-youth policy infrastructure for new implementation. Therefore, Lee Myung-bak government needs a new design for integrated and universal child-youth policy that should take into account national human resource development plan and its economic development policy. The public responsibility for children and adolescents should be strengthened and, in addition, the network function in service delivery system should be complemented.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.401-408
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• 2017

GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System) is positioning and navigation system using satellites. Accurate positioning is possible in all regions of the world using satellite signals. In Korea, GPS was introduced in the late 1980s. GPS is used in research and work in various fields such as navigation, surveying, and GIS. Since 1995, NGII(National Geographic Information Institute) has installed and operated CORS(Continuously Operating Reference Station) for the practical use of GNSS surveying, RINEX download and VRS(Virtual Reference Station) service was provided for precise positioning. Demand for these services is explosively increasing in the field of surveying. Therefore, there is a need for research to provide good service. In this study, status of national surveying infra structure was researched focused on CORS and its services. As a results, current status of CORS and service were presented. Users of VRS service has increased greatly. In order to provide stable service and advanced surveying, it is necessary to continuously upgrade services such as providing services for various GNSS satellites and securing stability through server redundancy in the data center.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2010

As the causative agent of Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis causes an acute fatal disease in herbivores such as cattle, sheep, and horses as well as humans. The therapeutics and prevention of anthrax currently available are based on antibiotics and the live attenuated vaccine strains, which may be problematic due to the emergency of antibiotic resistant strains or residual virulence in those vaccine strains. Therefore, it has been required to develop novel therapeutics and vaccines which are safer and applicable to humans. Recently, the development of the multivalent vaccine targeting both spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis along with anthrax toxin has been reported. In our attempts to screen potential candidates for those multivalent vaccines, the whole genomic expression library of B. anthracis was constructed in this study. To the end, the partial digests of the genomic DNA from B. anthracis (ATCC 14578) with Sau3AI were ligated with the inducible pET30abc expression vectors, resulting in approximately $1{\times}10^5$ clones in E. coli BL21(DE3). The redundancy test by DNA nucleotide sequencing was performed for the randomly selected 111 clones and found 56 (50.5%) B. anthracis genes, 17 (15.3%) vector sequences, and 38 (34.2%) unknown genes with no sequence homology by BLAST. An inducible expression of the recombinant proteins was confirmed by Western blot. Interestingly, some clones could react with the antiserum against B. anthracis. These results imply that the whole genomic library constructed in this study can be applied for analyzing the immunomes of B. anthracis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.283-290
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• 2016

Even though existing methods for orthophoto production in traditional photogrammetry are effective in large areas, they are inefficient when dealing with change detection of geometric features and image production for short time periods in small areas. In recent years, the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), equipped with various sensors, is rapidly developing and has been implemented in various ways throughout the geospatial information field. The data and imagery of specific areas can be quickly acquired by UAVs at low costs and with frequent updates. Furthermore, the redundancy of geospatial information data can be minimized in the UAV-based orthophoto generation. In this paper, the orthophoto and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) are generated using a standard low-end UAV in small sloped areas which have a rather low accuracy compared to flat areas. The RMSE of the check points is σ_H = ±0.12 m on a horizontal plane and σ_V = ±0.09 m on a vertical plane. As a result, the maximum and mean RMSE are in accordance with the working rule agreement for the airborne laser scanning surveying of the NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) on a 1/500 scale digital map. Through this study, we verify the possibilities of the orthophoto generation in small slope areas using general-purpose low specification UAV rather than a high cost surveying UAV.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.10 no.2 s.21
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• pp.35-39
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• 2004

Ship structures are basically an assembly of plate elements and the load-carrying capacity or the ultimate strength is one of the most important criteria for safety assessment and economic design. Also, Structural elements making up ship plated structures do not work separately, resulting in high degree of redundancy and complexity, in contrast to those of steel framed structures. To enable the behavior of such structures to be analyzed simplifications or idealizations must essentially be made considering the accuracy needed and the degree of complexity of the analysis to be used On this study, to investigate effect of modeling range, the finite element method are used and their results are compared varying the analysis ranges. The model has been selected from bottom panels of merchant ship structures. For FHA, three types of structural modeling are adopted in terms of the extent of the analysis. The purpose of the present study is to numerically calculate the characteristics of ultimate strength behavior according to the analysis ranges of stiffened panels subject to uniaxial compressive loads.