• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.477-486
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• 2017

This review provides an overview of dietary nucleotides as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for weaning pigs. Dietary nucleotides are composed of DNA or RNA molecules and are normally contained in protein-rich feed ingredient, brewer's yeast, yeast extract, and milk. Weaning pigs are suffering from several stresses, such as environmental challenges (i.e. crowding, transportation, and feeding). Such stressors can damage the intestinal epithelium and cause an invasion by Escherichia coli, secondary inflammatory responses, and post weaning diarrhea. To overcome weaning disorder, people often use antibiotics which reduce symptoms and boost growth performance. However, since antibiotics were banned due to concerns of antibiotic resistant bacteria, researchers are studying alternative materials to antibiotics. Dietary nucleotides are one of the alternative materials for replacing antibiotics and can be used in abnormal conditions, such as weaning diarrhea, low digestibility, and disease condition. Nucleotides have substances that have important roles in cell division and cell growth, affecting growth performance, intestinal condition, and immunological effect at the weaning stage. However, nucleotides' composition is very different between sources and this aspect makes it difficult to utilize nucleotides at the weaning stage. Therefore, this review paper focuses on i) the characteristics and functions of dietary nucleotides and ii) the effect of dietary nucleotides on the growth performance and immune system of pigs.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.611-635
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• 2003

본 연구는 R&DDD(Research & Development, Demonstration, Dissemination: $R&D^3$)로 구성되는 연구개발과정의 마지막 단계인 확산단계에 관한 내용을 다루고 있다. 확산단계(Dissemination Stage)에서는 개발된 기술과 다른 대안들과의 비교 평가가 이루어지고 최종적으로 가장 바람직한 방안이 선정되게 된다. 이 단계에서 이루어지는 기술대안에 대한 평가는 단순한 과정이 아니고, 기술적 특성뿐만 아니라 경제적 효과 등 여러 가지 요소들이 고려되어야 하는 복합적인 평가과정을 거치게 된다. 이는 오늘날 산업계 각 분야에서 바람직한 기술대안의 평가, 선정, 적용이 기업의 경쟁우위에 지대한 영향을 미치며 나아가 기업의 생존 및 성장을 좌우하기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 열공급시스템의 기술적 대안에 대한 AHP방법을 고찰하고, 이 방법의 실무적 적용가능성을 검토하기 위해 에너지기술분야에서 폐열 활용시스템 대안들에 대한 평가에 적용한 결과를 보여주고 있다.

• 경영과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.49-59
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• 1996

The use of advanced electronic security system is growing quickly to protect properties and life. However, customers cannot select appropriate configuration of the system because there are no objective evaluation methods to measure the security ability of the system. Furthermore, the system suppliers cannot propose quantitative value of security ability of the system. This study suggests an objective evaluation and selection method that customers and suppliers can use to base his or her decision when choosing the most appropriate configuration of the system. Our method identifies 6 characteristics and 20 sub- characteristics of the electronic security system, calculates their weights, and decides the best configuration. We use AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to assign the weights of characteristics. Finally, this paper gives an example to compare four alternative configurations of the system.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.732-745
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• 2009

Objectives : This study analyzed the contents of research papers of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) concerning chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) published in PubMed during the last 5 years. This study was conducted to help clinical studies for treating COPD with Oriental medicine. Materials and Methods : We inspected 31 theses and scrutinized their objectives, periods, participants, materials and methods, methods of assessment, results and Jadad score. Results : The treatments in the studies were supplements, physical training, acupuncture, acu-TENS, Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang), counseling, breathing training, osteopathic manipulative treatment, reflexology, and distractive auditory stimuli. The aims of treatment were improvement of exercise capacity, lung function, quality of life, oxidative status, nutrient status, systemic inflammation, and cessation of smoking. The median for treatment period of study was 8 weeks, the median number of participants was 35 and the differences between mean $FEV_1$ from groups were less than 10% in 22 studies. The methods of assessment were lung function test, exercise capacity test, muscle strength test, questionnaire of QoL, laboratory studies, and measurement of nutrient state. The mean of Jadad score was $2.4\;{\pm}\;1.03$, and 24 treatment were assessed as effective. Conclusion : Recent CAM studies of COPD have focused on various topics in alternative and complementary medicine, and it is necessary to provide objective studies for treatment of this disease with Oriental medicines.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2011

2004년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지 국내 턴키 대안입찰의 적격자 선정방식은 통합설계심의방식에서 기술위원회와 평가위원회를 이원화한 공개토론방식을 도입 운영하여 왔으나, 제도 운영상에서 나타난 문제점을 개선하기 위하여 정부는 2010년 현재 설계심의분과위원회를 크게 중앙, 지방, 특별 설계자문위원회의 분과위원으로 구성하여 운영하고 있다. 그러나 평가과정의 객관성 및 적정성 확보, 대형건설업체의 수주편중현상 그리고 과다경쟁 등이 여전히 문제점으로 제시되고 있다. 이에 이 연구는 일괄 대안입찰공사 설계심의 및 평가에 대한 투명성과 공정성을 제고하고 업무담당자의 심의 평가업무를 효율적으로 운영할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 기존 공개토론방식의 턴키 대안입찰제도가 건설산업에 미치는 영향, 심의 운영제도, 설계심의 개선사항 및 운영상의 문제점을 분석하여 개선 보완하여 제시하였다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 2006

With the prospect of rapidly growing health insurance expenditures, particularly spending for ambulatory care, the introduction of a case-based payment method is discussed as an alternative to the current fee-for-service based method. A system to measure case mixes of providers is a core component of such payment systems. The objective of this study were to develop a classification system for ambulatory care, Korean Ambulatory Patient Group (KAPG) based on the U.S. APG version 2.0 and to evaluate the classification accuracy of the system. A database of 64,258,386 records was constructed from insurance claims submitted to the Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA) during three months from August 2002. A total of 41,347,307 records with a single visit was used for the development and 7% random sample of the database was used for the evaluation. Additional groups were defined to include both physician and hospital fees in the classification, age splits were added to classify the entire population as well as the population older than 65, and the definition of medical groups used by the HIRA was adopted. The variance reduction in charges achieved by KAPGs was computed to evaluate the accuracy of classification. A total of 474 KAPGs was defined compare to 290 groups in the U.S. APG. The variance reduction for charges of all visits ranged from 20% to 37% depending on the type of provider, and ranged from 22% to 42% for non-outliers, that were better than those achieved by the system currently used by the .HIRA for its internal review purpose. Although further study is required to improve the classification for complicated care in larger hospitals, the results indicated that KAPGs could be used for better management of costs for ambulatory care.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.729-750
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• 1998

The purpose of this Review is to help activities of daily living by normalizing bodily functions through the use of negative pressure. Cupping therapy has been holding the important role as a form of treatment in ancient medicine of Oriental and Occidental country, and still being used widely due to it's effectiveness. Principle of Cupping therapy is to neutralize somatic dysfunctions by elimination of nonphysiological somatic fluid of hematoma through application of negative pressure on region of dermatomal meridian. The effectiveness of Cupping therapy as follows; 1) Effects on acid base balance of bodily fluid. 2) Through the reabsorption of subcutaneous hematoma, it affects on formation of immune system and produce the blood serum cleaning reaction. 3) By application of negative pressure on subcutaneous, induce renal system to produce steroid hormone. 4) By stimulating hemopoietic system, it maxmize the blood production level. Recently, Alternative medicine has been a focus due to it's nature of effectiveness and safety without adverse complication. Therefore, every family possess and use the cupping modality for preventive measure and/or treatment purpose in order to eliminate accumulated byproducts of body and clean the blood system.

• 경영과학
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2004

This paper presents a multi-agent system for intelligent recommendation of travel plans to users. The goal of the system is to provide alternative and preferable travel plans to users when the availability of tickets is low such as in vacations, holidays, weekends, or peak seasons. The multiple agents in the system search for available alternatives for a target travel in collaboration with other agents and recommend best alternatives by analyzing them using a multi-criteria decision-making model. A prototype online travel support system was constructed and a simulation experiment was performed for evaluation and comparison with different travel planning strategies.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.81-96
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• 2006

Real-Time Enterprise concept comes out as an alternative to reduce the increasing uncertainty of the business environment recently. And lots of companies want to get Real-Time concept into their organizations. However, studies on RTE are not sufficient yet, from defining to realizing it. Thus, this study defines RTE activities with the RTE definition of Gartner and derives RTE critical success factors. During this study, system thinking is used to make interactions of RTE variables clear, and causal maps, generated by system thinking, are applied to derive CSF.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.159-179
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• 2014

Currently disputes related to sports arise in various ways. Moreover, as the awareness of the rights of the people in the field of sports grows the chances of disputes occurring increases. Therefore, the number of sports disputes which will be dealt with by courts will increase. On the other hand, there are demands for fast and efficient legal resolutions for diverse sports disputes. However, as a dispute resolution system, the current domestic arbitration for sports disputes exposed several problems: the lack of professional arbitrators for sports disputes, procedural elements of delay, and the lack of promotion of the arbitration system. This study will first analyze the system for the resolution of domestic sports disputes. Then this study will review of the system for the resolution of international sports disputes and propose the establishment of an arbitration system for the resolution of domestic sports disputes.