• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.211-221
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• 2002

The prosody can play a crucial role in differentiating ambiguous sentences to correctly reflect their intended syntactic structures. In what way do the speakers in Tokyo and Sendai dialects of Japanese use prosodic elements to differentiate syntactic ambiguities? Acoustic measurement was made of utterances of ambiguous sentences in Japanese to observe prosodic strategies for disambiguation. Materials were sentences of the type ADV-VP1-NP-VP2, ADV-NP1-NP2-VP2, where the ambiguity lies in locative adverbial modification, ADV modifying either VP1 or VP2. For this construction the Japanese create the same ambiguities. After defining the depth of a syntactic boundary, F0 of the phrase before and after the boundary, and duration of the syllable and pause before the boundary were measured. The results show that Tokyo dialects speakers use F0 after syntactic boundary, and Sendai dialects speakers use of the syllable and/or pause before the boundary.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.175-185
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• 2003

Japanese and Turkish are syntactically similar to each other, and there are syntactic structures that become ambiguous in terms of NP's and VP's modified by adjectives and adverbs, respectively. The prosody can play a crucial role in differentiating ambiguous sentences to correctly reflect their intended syntactic structures. In what way do the speakers of Sendai dialect of Japanese and Turkish use prosodic elements to differentiate syntactic ambiguities? Acoustic measurements were made of utterances of ambiguous sentences in Japanese and Turkish to observe prosodic strategies for disambiguation. Materials were sentences of the type ADV-VP1-NP-VP2, ADV-NP1-NP2-VP2, where the ambiguity lies in locative adverbial modification, ADV modifying either VP1 or VP2. For this construction the Japanese and Turkish creates the same ambiguities. In this paper, I look at duration, F0, and pause as observed in their speech and see how each language uses three prosodic elements in disambiguation. The results show that both speakers of Sendai dialect in Japan and those of Ankara dialect in Turky use lengthening of the syllable and/or pause before the boundary.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.22
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• pp.1-26
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• 1995

Indexes, especially subject indexes, are major tools for information retrieval. To enhance the retrieval effectiveness of subject indexes, the semantic and syntactic relationships of indexing languages are very important elements. This paper examines the afore-mentioned relationships, based on purely the syntax and semantics of Korean language. The outlines of this study are as follows: 1. The characteristics and usages of controlled vocabularies, particularly subject headings lists and thesaury, are reviewed. 2. The semantic relationships, such as equivalence, hierarchical and associative relationships, are defined, and their categories are investigated in detail. Accordingly, the usages of 'See' and 'See also' references are suggested circumstantially. 3. The syntactic relationships are also examined. Particularly, for the syntactic relationships of multiword indexing terms, two kinds of subject entry formats are compared. Since it is more rational for subject headings organized by the principle of context-dependency, the two-fine entry format is recommended for subject indexes. 4. Computerized production techniques of 'See' and 'See also' reference for the semantic relationships of indexing terms are presented. 5. Computerized production techniques of subject indexes representing the syntactic relationships of indexing terms are also presented.

• Language and Information
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2007

This study aims to research into the meaning of Korean particle 'ka' and 'nun' inductively by examining the correspondences of those particles and English articles on the Korean-English parallel corpus. The correspondences were checked in three ways: semantically, syntactically and pragmatically. This study found that when the semantic or syntactic tier is not salient, the pragmatic tier is activated and particles are selected according to the pragmatic elements such as the amount of information or the change of topic. However, if the meaning of the particles is salient or if there is any syntactic motive, particles are selected in accordance with the semantic or syntactic elements. Former studies which focused on one of those three tiers cannot properly explain such correspondences on the Korean-English parallel corpus. This study shows that semantic, syntactic and pragmatic tiers hierarchically affect the selection of a particle and that the selection process is also related to speaker's intention. This dimensional analysis of particles is expected to contribute to theoretical studies and applied studies like Korean language education as well.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-139
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• 2019

In problem solving education, sentence problems are a tool for comprehensive evaluation of mathematical ability. The sentence problems refer to the problem expressed in sentence form rather than simply a numerical representation of mathematical problems. In order to solve sentence problems with a mixture of mathematical terms and general language, problem-solving ability including the ability to understand the meaning of sentences as well as the mathematical computation ability is required. Therefore, it is important to analyze syntactic elements from the linguistic aspects in sentence problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the complexity of sentence problems in the length of sentences and the grammatical complexity of the sentences in the depth of the sentences by analyzing the 51 sentence problems presented in the $4^{th}$ grade mathematics textbook(2015 revised curriculum). As a result, it was confirmed that it is necessary to examine the length and depth of the sentence more carefully in the teaching and learning of sentence problems. Especially in elementary mathematics, the sentence problems requires a linguistic understanding of the sentence, and therefore it is necessary to consider syntactic elements in the process of developing and teaching sentence problems in mathematics textbook.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.3
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• pp.147-169
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• 1994

This paper present s a pattern generation scheme from financial charts. The patterns constitute knowledge which consists of patterns as the conditional part and the impact of the pattern as the conclusion part. The patterns in charts are represented in a syntactic approach. If the pattern elements and the impact of patterns are defined, the patterns are synthesized from simple to the more highly credible by evaluating each intermediate pattern from the instances. The overall process is divided into primitive discovery by Genetic Algorithms and pattern synthesis from the discovered primitives by the Syntactic Pattern-based Inductive Learning (SYNPLE) algorithm which we have developed. We have applied the scheme to a chart : the trend lines of stock price in daily base. The scheme can generate very credible patterns from training data sets.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.226-241
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• 2014

LOD(Linked Open Data) is composed of RDF triples which are based on ontologies. They are identified, linked, and accessed under the principles of linked data. Publications of LOD data sets lead to the extension of LOD cloud and ultimately progress to the web of data. However, if ontologically the same things in different LOD data sets are identified by different URIs, it is difficult to figure out their sameness and to provide trustworthy links among them. To solve this problem, we suggest a Trustworthiness Improving Link Evaluation, TILE for short, technique. TILE evaluates links in 4 steps. Step 1 is to consider the inference property of syntactic elements in LOD data set and then generate RDF triples which have existed implicitly. In Step 2, TILE appoints predicates, compares their objects in triples, and then evaluates links between the subjects in the triples. In Step 3, TILE evaluates the predicates' syntactic property at the standpoints of subject description and vocabulary definition and compensates the evaluation results of Step 2. The syntactic elements considered by TILE contain RDFS, OWL, OWL2 which are recommended by W3C. Finally, TILE makes the publisher of LOD data set review the evaluation results and then decide whether to re-evaluate or finalize the links. This leads the publishers' responsibility to be reflected in the trustworthiness of links among the data published.

• Language and Information
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

This study investigates morphologically complex nouns in Korean through a series of priming studies. Two experiments examined whether morphological affixes on Korean nouns were decomposed or processed as a whole. Two types of morphological affixes were examined: morpho-syntactic case markers and the plural marker '-tul'. Results showed that priming occurred for the plural marker with SOAs of 80 ms and 160 ms, but no priming occurred for the morpho-syntactic case markers. These results suggest that the morphological processing for these two types of affixes differ. We argue that Korean nouns with the plural suffix are decomposed into the stem and affix, supporting the Decomposition Model (Pinker & Ullman, 2002). We suggest that while plural markers are truly morphological affixes, case markers in Korean are morpho-syntactic, and thus presuppose the existence of other syntactic elements, such as the matrix verb, hence the lack of priming effects.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.1047-1065
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• 2010

English inversion constructions are not only hard for non-native speakers to learn but also difficult to teach mainly because of their intriguing grammatical and discourse properties. This paper addresses grammatical issues in learning or teaching the so-called 'predicate inversion (PI)' construction (e.g., Equally important in terms of forest depletion is the continuous logging of the forests). In particular, we chart the grammatical (distributional, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic) properties of the PI construction, and argue for adata-driven teaching for English grammar. To depart from the arm-chaired style of grammar teaching (relying on author-made simple sentences), our teaching method introduces a datadriven teaching. With total 25 university students in a grammar-related class, students together have analyzed the British Component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-GB), containing about one million words distributed across a variety of textual categories. We have identified total 290 PI sentences (206 from spoken and 87 from written texts). The preposed syntactic categories of the PI involve five main types: AdvP, PP, VP(ed/ing), NP, AP, and so, all of which function as the complement of the copula. In terms of discourse, we have observed, supporting Birner and Ward's (1998) observation that these preposed phrases represent more familiar information than the postposed subject. The corpus examples gave us the three possible types: The preposed element is discourse-old whereas the postposed one is discourse-new as in Putting wire mesh over a few bricks is a good idea. Both preposed and postposed elements can also be discourse new as in But a fly in the ointment is inflation. These two elements can also be discourse old as in Racing with him on the near-side is Rinus. The dominant occurrence of the PI in the spoken texts also supports the view that the balance (or scene-setting) in information structure is the main trigger for the use of the PI construction. After being exposed to the real data and in-depth syntactic as well as informationstructure analysis of the PI construction, it is proved that the class students have had a farmore clear understanding of the construction in question and have realized that grammar does not mean to live on by itself but tightly interacts with other important grammatical components such as information structure. The study directs us toward both a datadriven and interactive grammar teaching.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1409-1425
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• 2021

In wide-ranging information society, fast and easy access to information in language of one's choice is indispensable, which may be provided by using various multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Natural language text contains references among different language elements, called anaphoric links. Resolving anaphoric links is a key problem in NLP. Anaphora resolution is an essential part of NLP applications. Anaphoric links need to be properly interpreted for clear understanding of natural languages. For this purpose, a mechanism is desirable for the identification and resolution of these naturally occurring anaphoric links. In this paper, a framework based on Hobbs syntactic approach and a system developed by Lappin & Leass is proposed for resolution of reflexive anaphoric links, present in Urdu text documents. Generally, anaphora resolution process takes three main steps: identification of the anaphor, location of the candidate antecedent(s) and selection of the appropriate antecedent. The proposed framework is based on exploring the syntactic structure of reflexive anaphors to find out various features for constructing heuristic rules to develop an algorithm for resolving these anaphoric references. System takes Urdu text containing reflexive anaphors as input, and outputs Urdu text with resolved reflexive anaphoric links. Despite having scarcity of Urdu resources, our results are encouraging. The proposed framework can be utilized in multilingual NLP (m-NLP) applications.