Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2021.04.012

Syntactic Structured Framework for Resolving Reflexive Anaphora in Urdu Discourse Using Multilingual NLP  

Nasir, Jamal A. (ICIT, Gomal University)
Din, Zia Ud. (ICIT, Gomal University)
Publication Information
KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS) / v.15, no.4, 2021 , pp. 1409-1425 More about this Journal
Abstract
In wide-ranging information society, fast and easy access to information in language of one's choice is indispensable, which may be provided by using various multilingual Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Natural language text contains references among different language elements, called anaphoric links. Resolving anaphoric links is a key problem in NLP. Anaphora resolution is an essential part of NLP applications. Anaphoric links need to be properly interpreted for clear understanding of natural languages. For this purpose, a mechanism is desirable for the identification and resolution of these naturally occurring anaphoric links. In this paper, a framework based on Hobbs syntactic approach and a system developed by Lappin & Leass is proposed for resolution of reflexive anaphoric links, present in Urdu text documents. Generally, anaphora resolution process takes three main steps: identification of the anaphor, location of the candidate antecedent(s) and selection of the appropriate antecedent. The proposed framework is based on exploring the syntactic structure of reflexive anaphors to find out various features for constructing heuristic rules to develop an algorithm for resolving these anaphoric references. System takes Urdu text containing reflexive anaphors as input, and outputs Urdu text with resolved reflexive anaphoric links. Despite having scarcity of Urdu resources, our results are encouraging. The proposed framework can be utilized in multilingual NLP (m-NLP) applications.
Keywords
Natural Language Processing; Reflexive Anaphora Resolution; Linguistic Rules; Urdu Anaphora; Anaphor; Referent;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 P. Lakhmani, S. Singh, P. Mathur, and S. Morwal, "Pronominal Anaphora Resolution In Punjabi Langugage," International Journal of Computer Science & Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 99-105, 2014.
2 M. Palomar, A. Ferrandez, L. Moreno, P. Martinez-Barco, J. Peral, M. Saiz-Noeda, and R. Munoz, "An algorithm for anaphora resolution in Spanish texts," Computational Linguistics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 545-567, 2001.   DOI
3 B. Uppalapu and D. M. Sharma, "Pronoun resolution for Hindi," in Proc. of the 7 th Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution Colloquium (DAARC 2009), pp. 123-134, 2009.
4 R. Ali, M. A. Khan, and M. Ali, "Reflexive anaphora resolution in Pashto discourse," in Proc. of Accepted in the 2nd Conference on Language and Technology (CLT2009), 2009.
5 A. A. Pareed and S. M. Idicula, "An Integrated Framework for Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in Malay-alam," Special Issue on Innovation in Computing, Engineering Science & Technology, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 287-293, 2019.
6 K. Dutta, N. Prakash, and S. Kaushik, "Resolving pronominal anaphora in Hindi using Hobbs algorithm," Web Journal of Formal Computation and Cognitive Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 5607-5611, 2008.
7 S. Lalita Devi, V. S. Ram, and P. Rao, "A generic anaphora resolution engine for Indian languages," in Proc. of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, pp. 1824-1833, 2014.
8 P. Lakhmani, S. Singh, and P. Mathur, "Gazetteer Method for Resolving Pronominal Anaphora in Hindi Language," International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, 2014.
9 R. L. Schmidt, Urdu: An Essential Grammar, 1 st Edition, London: Psychology Press, 1999.
10 V. J. Leffa, "Anaphora resolution without world knowledge," DELTA: Documentacao de Estudos em Linguistica Teorica e Aplicada, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 181-200, 2003.   DOI
11 R. Mitkov, "Anaphora resolution: A combination of linguistic and statistical approaches," in Proc. of the Discourse Anaphora and Anaphor Resolution(DAARC'96), 1996.
12 Urdu Books کتابیں اردو .
13 M. A. Khan and J. A. Nasir, "Distributive anaphora resolution in Urdu discourse," in Proc. of the 4 th International Conference on Emerging Technologies, pp. 38-43, Oct. 2008.
14 A. Siddiqui, "Jamia Ul Qawaid," Markazi Urdu Board, Lahore, Pakistan: Markazi Urdu Board, 1971.
15 M. Humayoun, H. Hammarstrom, and A. Ranta, "Urdu morphology, orthography and lexicon extraction," Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola, 2006.
16 Urdu Point Kids دنیا کی بچوں Bachon Ki Dunya.
17 B. Kulsoom and R. Begum,"Urdu Anaphora resolution in monologue," M.S. Thesis, Department of Computer Science University of Peshawar, Pakistan, 1993.
18 D. G. Bobrow, "A question-answering system for high school algebra word problems," in Proc. of Fall Joint Computer Conference, part I, pp. 591-614, 1964.
19 J. R. Hobbs, "Resolving pronoun references," Lingua 44, no. 4, pp. 311-338, 1978.   DOI
20 S. Lappin and H. J. Leass, "An algorithm for pronominal anaphora resolution," Computational Linguistics 20, no. 4, pp. 535-561, 1994.
21 A. Siddiqui, "Jamia Ul Qawaid," Markazi Urdu Board, Lahore, Pakistan: Markazi Urdu Board, 1971.
22 M. Ting, R. A. Kadir, A. Azman, T. M. T. Sembok, and F. Ahmad, "Named entity enrichment based on subject-object anaphora resolution," in Proc. of Intelligent Computing-Proceedings of the Computing Conference, pp. 873-884, 2019.
23 E. Cambria, "Affective Computing and Sentiment Analysis," IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 102-107, 2016.   DOI
24 W. Zhao, P. Haiyun, S. Eger, E. Cambria, and M. Yang, "Towards scalable and reliable capsule networks for challenging NLP applications," arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.02829, 2019.
25 V. Dayal and A. Mahajan, The Status of Case: Clause Structure in South Asian Languages, vol. 61, Dordrecht: Springer, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
26 R. Nithya, "Need for anaphoric resolution towards sentiment analysis-a case study with scarlet pimpernel (Novel)," International Journal of Education Management Engineering(IJEME), no. 1, pp. 37-50, 2019.
27 D. Stojanovski and A. Fraser, "Improving anaphora resolution in neural machine translation using curriculum learning," in Proc. of Machine Translation Summit XVII Volume 1: Research Track, pp. 140-150, 2019.
28 R. Mitkov, "An integrated model for anaphora resolution," in Proc. of the 15th Conference on Computational Linguistics, pp. 1170-1176, 1994.
29 T. Winograd, "Understanding natural language," Cognitive Psychology 3, no. 1, pp. 1-191, 1972.   DOI
30 R. Mitkov, "An uncertainty reasoning approach for anaphora resolution," in Proc. of the Natural Language Processing Pacific Rim Symposium(NLPRS'95), vol. 25, pp. 149-154, 1995.
31 A. Ashima, S. Kaur, and C. Rajni Mohana, "Anaphora Resolution in Hindi: A Hybrid Approach," in Proc. of The International Symposium on Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications, pp. 815-830, 2016.
32 R. Mitkov, "Robust pronoun resolution with limited knowledge," in Proc. of the 18th International Conference on Computational Linguistics(COLING'98/ACL'98), pp. 869-875, 1998.
33 R. Mitkov, R. Evans, and C. Orasan, "A new, fully automatic version of Mitkov's knowledge-poor pronoun resolution method," in Proc. of International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, pp. 168-186, 2002.
34 P. Dakwale, V. Mujadia, and D. M. Sharma, "A hybrid approach for anaphora resolution in hindi," in Proc. of the 6 th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, pp. 977-981, 2013.
35 K. Wohiduzzaman and S. Ismail, "Recommendation system for bangla news article with anaphora resolution," in Proc. of the 4 th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information & Communication Technology(ICEEiCT), pp. 467-472, 2018.
36 M. Butt and T. H. King, "The status of case," in Clause Structure in South Asian Languages, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 153-198, 2004.
37 Reflexive pronoun, Wikipedia.
38 کھیل - BBC News اردو .
39 M. A. Khan, M. N. Ali, and M. A. Khan, "Pronominal Anaphora Resolution in Urdu Discourse," in Proc. of IEEE ICET 2nd International Conference on Emerging Technologies, pp. 543-548, 2006.
40 K. Lata, P. Singh, and K. Dutta, "A comprehensive review on feature set used for anaphora resolution," Artificial Intelligence Review, pp. 1-90, 2020.
41 R. M. K. Sinha, and A. Jain. "AnglaHindi: an English to Hindi machine-aided translation system," Machine Translation Summit IX, p. 497, 2003.