• Molecules and Cells
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.100030.1-100030.14
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• 2024

Both brown and white adipose tissues (BAT/WAT) are innervated by the peripheral nervous system, including efferent sympathetic nerves that communicate from the brain/central nervous system out to the tissue, and afferent sensory nerves that communicate from the tissue back to the brain and locally release neuropeptides to the tissue upon stimulation. This bidirectional neural communication is important for energy balance and metabolic control, as well as maintaining adipose tissue health through processes like browning (development of metabolically healthy brown adipocytes in WAT), thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. Decades of sensory nerve denervation studies have demonstrated the particular importance of adipose sensory nerves for brown adipose tissue and WAT functions, but far less is known about the tissue's sensory innervation compared to the better-studied sympathetic nerves and their neurotransmitter norepinephrine. In this review, we cover what is known and not yet known about sensory nerve activities in adipose, focusing on their effector neuropeptide actions in the tissue.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.35-39
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• 1972

Previous studies on the effect of the visible lights on the organism have shown the possible influences on the nervous system. It was reported that the illumination of blue beam increased the sympathetic tone and that of red beam increased the parasympathetic tone. The pharmacological actions of the sympathomimetics were also known to be altered by various visible lights. But their modes and mechanisms of actions on the nervous system have not been clarified and is obscure. To elucidate the precise mechanism of action of the visible lights on the nervous system, present study was made to observe the survival time of the mole living in the dark environment, under the illumination of the various visible lights and influences of several drugs. The results are summerized as follows: 1. The illumination of the natural sun light caused the survival time of the mole to be shortened and visible monochromatic beams (red, blue and green) even more markedly shortened the survival time. No significant difference was noted depending on the wave length of the chromatic beam. 2. The shortened survival time caused by the visible monochromatic lights was prolonged by strychnine but not affected by morphine. 3. The survival time under the illumination of the visible monochromatic lights was prolonged by acetylcholine and physostigmine. 4. The shortened survival time under the illumination of the monochromatic visible lights was not affected by adrenaline but prolonged by priscoline. It is suggested that the shortened survival time of the mole by the illumination of the visible lights can be prolonged by the stimulation of central and parasympathetic nervous system and blocking of the sympathetic nervous system.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine if supplementation with a compound composed of caffeine (50 mg), capsaicin (75 mg), sesamine (30 mg), L-carnitine (300 mg), banaba (50 mg) and lotus (10 mg) enhanced human autonomic nervous activities (ANS) associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity and fat utilization. Ten healthy college males (21.2$\pm$1.0 yr) volunteered for this experiment. Autonomic nervous activities associated with energy metabolism were examined at 30 min intervals for a total of 120-min while at rest and every 5-min during exercise at 50% of the ventilation threshold before and after intake of the compound or placebo with 100 ml of water for 10 days. In addition, heart rate variability power spectral analysis was used to assess human autonomic nervous activities. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in heart rate during rest and exercise among trials. Furthermore, the autonomic nervous activity tended to increase after 10-days of consumption of the test compounds during the experimental period, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. However, before and after the compound test trial there was a significantly higher respiratory gas exchange ratio (rest 0: 0.83$\pm$0.01 vs. rest 3: 0.89$\pm$0.02, p<0.05), carbohydrate oxidation (CHO) rate (rest 0: 44.57$\pm$5.83 vs. rest 2: 63.86$\pm$5.91%, p<0.05) and a lower fat oxidation rate (rest 0: 55.43$\pm$5.83 vs. rest 2: 36.14$\pm$5.91%, p<0.05. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that the compound composed of caffeine, capsaicin, sesamine, L-carnitine, banaba and lotus components that was evaluated in this study did not induce a significant increase in human autonomic nervous activities or lipolysis, even though the individual components have been reported to induce increased fat oxidation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2001

Whether there exists a sympathetic neural mechanism regulating the expression of aquaporin (AQP) water channels in the kidney was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with reserpine (1 mg/kg, IP), and the expression of AQP1-4 proteins was determined in the kidney one day thereafter. Following the treatment with reserpine, the systolic blood pressure measured in a conscious state was significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with that in the control $(83{\pm}8\;vs\;124{\pm}6\;mmHg;\;n=6\;each,\;P＜0.05)$. The expression of AQP2 proteins was decreased in the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. The decrease of AQP2 proteins was in parallel in the membrane and the cytoplasmic fractions, suggesting a preserved AQP2 targeting. No significant changes were observed in the expression of AQP1, AQP3, or AQP4. Neither basal nor AVP-stimulated formation of cAMP was significantly altered. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system has a tonic stimulatory effect specifically on the expression of AQP2 water channels in the kidney.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.161-164
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• 1993

• BMB Reports
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.167-175
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• 2024

Cancer progression is driven by genetic mutations, environmental factors, and intricate interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME comprises of diverse cell types, such as cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and neuronal cells. These cells mutually influence each other through various factors, including cytokines, vascular perfusion, and matrix stiffness. In the initial or developmental stage of cancer, neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are associated with poor prognosis of various cancers by communicating with cancer cells, immune cells, and peripheral nerves within the TME. Over the past decade, research has been conducted to prevent cancer growth by controlling the activation of neurotrophic factors within tumors, exhibiting a novel attemt in cancer treatment with promising results. More recently, research focusing on controlling cancer growth through regulation of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, has gained significant attention. Sympathetic signaling predominantly promotes tumor progression, while the role of parasympathetic signaling varies among different cancer types. Neurotransmitters released from these signalings can directly or indirectly affect tumor cells or immune cells within the TME. Additionally, sensory nerve significantly promotes cancer progression. In the advanced stage of cancer, cancer-associated cachexia occurs, characterized by tissue wasting and reduced quality of life. This process involves the pathways via brainstem growth and differentiation factor 15-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha-like signaling and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons. Our review highlights the critical role of neurotrophic factors as well as central nervous system on the progression of cancer, offering promising avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.5019-5026
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the increased sympathetic outflow on the changes of muscle tone and central nervous system excitability in the chronic stroke patients. This study was conducted from October 12th 2009 to December 4th 2009. 30 patients with chronic hemiplegia for at least 6 months were participated. Before and during the mental arithmetic, static handgrip and post-handgrip ischemia tasks, the central nervous system action potentials and global synkinesis level were compared. The central nerve action potentials were measured with H/Mmax ratio and V/Mmax ratio. To obtain global synkinesis level, surface electromyography data were digitized, processed to root mean square. In our study, The global synkinesis level during knee flexion and extension was decreased in the mental arithmetic and in the post-handgrip ischemia task(p<.05) but not in the grip task. Also, V/Mmax ratio was decreased all in the three task(p<.05). In conclusion, we know that the central nervous system excitability and the muscle tone in chronic hemiplegic patients were decreased by the increased sympathetic outflow.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.157-171
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• 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effect of four common types of Qigong position (standing, sitting, supine, and horse-riding position) on the autonomic nervous system. Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study once a week for four weeks. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured three times (before, during, and after the position) while the subject maintained one of four positions for ten minutes. There were significant changes in HRV components compared with EEG power spectra in the standing position. Especially, the ratio of low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) which represents a state of balance of autonomic nervous system was increased. In the sitting position, $\beta$ wave which reflects a state of alert consciousness was increased and both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were activated. On the other hand, in the spine position, $\theta$ wave which signifies a state of relaxation was increased and heart rate (HR) was decreased. Activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was also observed in this position. Significant increases of indices related to awakening and concentration were observed accompanied by increase of HR and a sympathetic nerve was activated in the riding-horse position. In the present study, it was shown that each Qigong position caused various and significant changes in autonomic nervous system. It would be expected that these results can be applied in the choice of appropriate Qigong position according to objective of Qigong therapy although it is remained to further evaluate the effects of long-term maintenance of Qigong positions and repeated Qigong training.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2001

Psychological and physiological effects from simulator sickness could be an important bias factor for sensibility evaluation. The present experiment investigated the effects of simulator sickness on sensibility evaluation in the controlled condition of driving a car for 60 minutes on a constant speed (60km/h) in graphic simulator. The simulator sickness was measured and analysed for every five minutes using their subjective evaluation and physiological signals. Results of the subjective evaluation showed that there was significant difference between rest and driving condition at 10 minutes from the start of driving, and the level of difference was increased linearly with time. The analysis on central and autonomic nervous systems showed the significant difference between rest and driving conditions after 5 minutes from the start of the driving on the parameters $\alpha$/total and $\beta$/total, and increased level of sympathetic nervous system. But there was no significant difference between different time conditions. The results indicates that physiological changes from simulator sickness can be a bias factor in objective evaluation of human sensibility which also, uses physiological signals. That is, the changes on the parameter $\alpha$/total and $\beta$/total, and on activation level of sympathetic nervous system from simulator sickness can be a bias factor for evaluation of the level of pleasantness and tension. Therefore the effort on improving the analysis by minimizing or eliminating the bias factors should be done for better and accurate sensibility evaluation in simulator environments.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.263-268
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• 2020

This study is to investigate the effects of manual lymphatic drainage of stressed hospital office employees on the autonomic nervous. A total of 30 stressed hospital office women voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were randomized to the manual lymphatic drainage groups and rest groups. The intervention was conducted for 20 minutes in each group. There were significant differences in sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic nerve, and pain within manual lymphatic drainage groups(p<.05). There were significant differences between groups for the sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic nerve, and pain(p<.05). Therefore, manual lymphatic drainage is an effective intervention for reducing the stress and pain of stressed hospital office employees.