• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.173-175
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• 2007

The lexical decision task (LDT) commonly postulates the activation of semantic level. However, there are few studies for the feedback effect from semantic level. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the feedback effect from semantic level is facilitatory or inhibitory in Korean LDT. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the number of phonological syllable neighbors (PSN) and the number of semantic neighbors (SEN) orthogonally while orthographic syllable neighbor (OSN) is dense. In the results, the significant facilitatory effect was shown in words with many SEN. In Experiment 2, we examined same conditions as Experiment 1 but OSN was sparse. Although the similar lexical decision latency pattern was shown, there was no statistical significance. These results can be explained by the feedback activation from semantic level. If a target has many SENs and many PSNs, it receives more feedback activation from semantic level than a target with few SENs and PSNs.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2007

This paper examines how the performance of an automatic speech recognizer was improved for Korean Point-of-Interest (POI) data by modeling pronunciation variation using structural prosodic information such as prosodic words and syllable length. First, multiple pronunciation variants are generated using prosodic words given that each POI word can be broken down into prosodic words. And the cross-prosodic-word variations were modeled considering the syllable length of word. A total of 81 experiments were conducted using 9 test sets (3 baseline and 6 proposed) on 9 trained sets (3 baseline, 6 proposed). The results show: (i) the performance was improved when the pronunciation lexica were generated using prosodic words; (ii) the best performance was achieved when the maximum number of variants was constrained to 3 based on the syllable length; and (iii) compared to the baseline word error rate (WER) of 4.63%, a maximum of 8.4% in WER reduction was achieved when both prosodic words and syllable length were considered.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.3 no.12
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• pp.1679-1690
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• 2002

This paper, describe about a generation of a syllable restoration regulation for a post processing of a speech recognition and a decrease of a restoration candidate. It created a syllable restoration regulation to create a restoration candidate pronounced with phonetic value recognized through a post processing of the formula system that was a tone to recognize syllable unit phonetic value for a performance enhancement of a dialogue serial speech recognition. Also, I presented a plan to remove a regulation to create unused notation from a real life in a restoration regulation with a plan to reduce number candidate of a restoration meeting. A design implemented a restoration candidate set generator in order a syllable restoration regulation display that it created a proper restoration candidate set. The proper notation meeting that as a result of having proved about a standard pronunciation example and a word extracted from a pronunciation dictionary at random, the notation that an utterance was former was included in proved with what a generation became.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2006

The effects of the number of Hangul syllable, the nunber/location of batchim in a Hangul word, and compound/noncompound Hangul word on memory span were examined. The results were that (1) the more syllables a word had, the lower us memory span was, (2) the more batchims a two-syllable word had, the lower its memory span was (Korean batchim effect on memory span), (3) noncompound word had higher memory span than compound word. The reading speed of above mentioned words was measured and the results were that (1) the more syllables a word had, the slower its reading speed was, (2) but the reading speed of a two-syllable word was forest when it had a batchim on second syllable than when it had no batchim or had a batchim on first syllable or batchims on both syllables (Korean ending batchim effect on reading speed), (3) noncompound word was read faster thu compound word. Korean ending batchim effect on reading speed was not compatible with the explanation by articulatory loop bur compatible with the explanation by visual cache where the orthographic information was represented. The results suggest that memory span was influenced nor only by phonological information but also by orthographic information.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.199-208
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• 2022

Korean is an agglutinative language, and one or more morphemes are combined to form a single word. Part-of-speech tagging method separates each morpheme from a word and attaches a part-of-speech tag. In this study, we propose a new Korean part-of-speech tagging method based on the Head-Tail tokenization technique that divides a word into a lexical morpheme part and a grammatical morpheme part without decomposing compound words. In this method, the Head-Tail is divided by the syllable boundary without restoring irregular deformation or abbreviated syllables. Korean part-of-speech tagger was implemented using the Head-Tail tokenization and deep learning technique. In order to solve the problem that a large number of complex tags are generated due to the segmented tags and the tagging accuracy is low, we reduced the number of tags to a complex tag composed of large classification tags, and as a result, we improved the tagging accuracy. The performance of the Head-Tail part-of-speech tagger was experimented by using BERT, syllable bigram, and subword bigram embedding, and both syllable bigram and subword bigram embedding showed improvement in performance compared to general BERT. Part-of-speech tagging was performed by integrating the Head-Tail tokenization model and the simplified part-of-speech tagging model, achieving 98.99% word unit accuracy and 99.08% token unit accuracy. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the performance of part-of-speech tagging improved when the maximum token length was limited to twice the number of words.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.165-173
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• 2002

Strong compression effects in a stressed vowel due to the addition of syllables have been adopted as evidence for stress-timing. In relation to this, Yun (2002) investigated the compression effects of number of syllables on Korean vowel. The results generally revealed that Korean had neither significant nor consistent anticipatory or backwards compression effects, especially when it came to the sentence level. This led us to claim that Korean would not be a stress-timed language. But the language investigated in the study was only Korean, and further cross-linguistic research was needed to confirm the claim. In this study, Yun's (2002) sentence level data are compared with Fowler's (1981) English data. The comparison reveals that Korean seems to be similar to English in the backwards compression effect, whereas the two languages are markedly different in the anticipatory compression effect. Thus, if English is a stress-timed language and the strong anticipatory compression effect is evidence in favour of stress-timing as is claimed, the present cross-linguistic study confirms Yun's (2002) suggestion-Korean is unlikely to be stress-timed. On the other hand, compression effects are revisited: the differences in vowel compression between English and Korean are discussed from the syntactic and phonological points of view.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 2018

This study aims to contrast phonological characteristics of Korean and Turkish in terms of language universality. Considering consonants, both languages have the same number of consonants (21), which is the most typologically plausible structure of consonants. Thus, it can be said that they display high universality in the number of consonants. However, Turkish shows higher universality in regards to their substance, i.e., it differs from Korean when it comes to the structure of plosives and affricates. Turkish has two contrastive consonants, i.e., voiced and voiceless. However, the Korean plosives and affricates consist of neutral, tense and aspirate voiceless. In the case of vowels, both Korean with 10 vowels and Turkish with 8 vowels show lower universality. Yet, all of those vowels belong to the list of the most plausible vowels which makes their universality higher in substance. In respect of the syllable structure, Korean with its (C)V(C) type shows a moderately complex structure while Turkish with its (C)V(C)(C) type has a complex structure. The coda may consist of two consonants in Turkish while only one consonant is possible in Korean. However, onset is composed of one consonant in both languages. The contrastive study of similarities and differences between Korean and Turkish in terms of phonological characteristics will help not only understand the two languages but also provide useful information to increase the efficacy of Korean language education for Turkish learners of Korean, whose number is rapidly increasing.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.35
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• pp.293-314
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• 2014

This paper aims to contrast phonology of Korean and Thai in terms of language universality. Considering consonants, both languages having 21 typologically most plausible consonants display high universality in the number of consonants. However, Thai shows higher universality in regards to their substance, i.e. it differs from Korean when it comes to the structure of plosives and fricatives. Both Korean and Thai show similarities regarding the plosives due to the fact that both languages possess three contrastive consonants. However, the Thai plosives consist of plain voiced, plain voiceless and aspirated voiceless sounds that have higher universality than the Korean plosives which are plain voiced, plain voiceless and aspirated voiceless. In case of vowels, both Korean with its 10 vowels and Thai with its 9 vowels show lower universality when it comes to the total number of vowels. However, all of those vowels belong to the list of most plausible vowels which makes their universality higher in substance. In respect of syllable structure, Korean with its CVC type shows a moderately complex structure while Thai with its CCVC type has a complex structure. The coda may consist of only one consonant in each language but onset is composed of one consonant in Korean, and two consonants in Thai. The contrastive study of similarities and differences between Korean and Thai in terms of phonology will help not only understand the two languages but also provide useful information for increasing the efficacy of Korean language education for Thai learners of Korean whose number is rapidly increasing.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.229-241
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• 2001

Using eighteen texts from various genera of present-day Japanese, I collected phonologically reduced forms frequently observed in conversational Japanese, and classified them in search of a unified. explanation of phonological phenomena. I found 7,516 cases of reduced forms which I divided into 43 categories according to the types of phonological changes they have undergone. The general tendencies are that deletion and fusion of a phoneme or an entire syllable takes place frequently, resulting in the decrease in the number of syllables. From a morphosyntactic point of view, phonological reduction often occurs at the NP and VP morpheme boundaries. The following findings are drawn from phonetical observations of reduction. (1) Vowels are more easily deleted than consonants. (2) Bilabials ([m], [b], and [w]) are the most likely candidates for deletion. (3) In a concatenation of vowels, closed vowels are absorbed into open vowels, or two adjacent vowels come to create another vowel, in which case reconstruction of the original sequence is not always predictable. (4) Alveolars are palatalized under the influence of front vowels. (5) Regressive assimilation takes place in a syllable starting with [r], changing the entire syllable into a phonological choked sound or a syllabic nasal, depending on the voicing of the following phoneme.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This paper investigated the phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs in pronounced phrasal words of the Seoul Corpus by gender and age groups in order to provide linguists and phoneticians with a clearer understanding of the spoken Korean. Both orthographic and pronounced phrasal words were extracted from the transcribed label scripts of the Corpus using Praat. Then, phonological processes of monophthongs and diphthongs were tabulated using an R script after syllabifying the phrasal words into separate components. Results revealed that 97% of the number of syllables in the orthographic and pronounced phrasal words were the same while 65.8% showed difference in the syllable structure. 90.5% of the vowels in the orthographic phrasal words were realized in the pronounced phrasal words. A Chi-square test of independence was performed to obtain a significant dependence in the distribution of phonological process types of male and female groups along with a very strong correlation. Female group changed the diphthong yo into yv at the end of the pronounced phrasal words more often than the male group did. Age groups also showed a significant dependence in the distribution of phonological process types along with a very strong correlation. Females in the 40s produced the diphthong yv and made the vowel raising at the end of the pronounced phrasal words most often among the gender and age groups. From the results, this paper concludes that an analysis of phonological processes in light of syllable structure can contribute greatly to the understanding of the spoken Korean.