• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.123-136
• /
• 2018

The effects of steep and shallow hills on a stationary tornado-like vortex with a swirl ratio of 0.4 are simulated and quantified as Fractional Speed Up Ratios (FSUR) at three different locations of the vortex with respect to the crests of the hills. Steady state Reynolds Averaged Naiver Stokes (RANS) equations closed using Reynolds Stress Turbulence model are used to simulate stationary tornadoes. The tornado wind field obtained from the numerical simulations is first validated with previous experimental and numerical studies by comparing radial and tangential velocities, and ground static pressure. A modified fractional speed-up ratio (FSUR) evaluation technique, appropriate to the complexity of the tornadic flow, is then developed. The effects of the hill on the radial, tangential and vertical flow components are assessed. It is observed that the effect of the hill on the radial and vertical component of the flow is more pronounced, compared to the tangential component. Besides, the presence of the hill is also seen to relocate the center of tornadic flow. New FSUR values are produced for shallow and steep hills.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.96-103
• /
• 2003

In this paper, the heat loss to the constant volume vessel wall was investigated using instantaneous heat flux sensor, schlieren visualization, pressure rise curve. And the heat loss characteristics of plasma jet ignition were compared with conventional spark ignition. In case of plasma jet ignition, the flame kernel moves toward the center of combustion vessel in the initial period of combustion, and the flame surface spread out to the vessel wall. However, in case of conventional spark ignition, the flame surface contact with combustion vessel wall in the initial period of combustion. As a result, heat loss in the combustion duration for conventional spark ignition increase faster than that of plasma jet ignition. And the combustion enhancement rate of plasma jet ignition is higher than that of conventional spark ignition, and it was found that the heat loss rate is inversely proportional to the combustion enhancement rate.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.61-71
• /
• 2023

This study proposes a procedure for designing a labyrinth seal that meets both leakage flow rate and rotordynamic performance criteria (effective damping, amplification factor, separation margin, logarithmic decrement, and vibration amplitude). The seal is modeled using a one control volume (1CV) bulk flow approach to predict the leakage flow rate and rotordynamic coefficients. The rotating shaft is modeled with the finite element (FE) method and is assumed to be supported by two linearized bearings. Geometry, material and operating conditions of the rotating shaft, and the supporting characteristics of the bearings were fixed. A single labyrinth seal is placed at the center of the rotor, and the linearized dynamic coefficients predicted by the seal numerical model are inserted as linear springs and dampers at the seal position. Seal designs that satisfy both leakage and rotordynamic performance are searched by modifying five seal design parameters using the multi-grid method. The five design parameters include pre-swirl ratio, number of teeth, tooth pitch, tooth height and tooth tip width. In total, 12500 seal models are examined and the optimal seal design is selected. Finally, normalization was performed to select the optimal labyrinth seal designs that satisfy the system performance requirements.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.81-97
• /
• 1987

병충해방제(病蟲害防除)에 있어서 효율적(效率的)인 분무립자(噴霧粒子)의 크기는 $20{\mu}m$ 이내(以內)이지만 비산(飛散)의 해(害)를 감안하여 $140{\sim}200{\mu}m$를 추천하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라 수도방제기(水稻防除機)의 주종(主種)인 총포노즐의 경우 입자(粒子)크기는 $220{\sim}750{\mu}m$로 과대(過大)한 실정(實情)이다. 우리나라에서 널리 이용(利用)되고 있는 과권(過卷) 노즐의 구조(構造)를 Figure 2와 같이 고안(考案)하여 공기(空氣)를 혼합(混合)시킨 약액(藥液)을 이용(利用)함으로써 과실내(過室內)에서의 예비무화효과(豫備霧化效果), 약액(藥液)의 감소된 표면장력(表面張力) 및 점주(粘住), 분사액(噴射液)의 증가된 주파수(周波數)의 효과(效果)를 이용(利用)하여 분무립자(噴霧粒子)를 개선(改善)하고저 실시(實施)된 실험결과(實驗結果)는 다음과 같다. 분무립자(噴霧粒子) 크기는 분무압력(噴霧壓力)(본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 $0.70kg/cm^2$부터 $6.33kg/cm^2$까지 실시(實施)) 이 증가(增加)됨에 따라서 점차로 미립화(微粒化)되었고 이 경향(傾向)은 표준(標準)노즐의 결과(結果)와 같다. 동일(同一)한 분무압력하(噴霧壓力下)에서 분무립자(噴霧粒子)의 크기 및 분포상태(分布狀態)를 표준(標準)노즐의 비교(比較)할 때 체적평균직경(體積平均直徑)이 작아졌고 입자(粒子)크기 분포(分布)도 개선(改善)되었다. 입자(粒子)크기 분포(分布)는 분무형(噴霧型)의 중심(中心)으로부터 외측(外側)으로 향(向)하면 체적평균직경(體積平均直徑)이 작아지는 현상(現象)이었다.

• 보존과학회지
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.203-211
• /
• 2010

감은사지서삼층석탑의 표면오염물과 세척사례 조사 연구는 부재 표면에서 관찰되는 무기오염물의 성분분석과 오염물 제거 방법을 선정하기 위해 실시하였다. 표면오염물 조사는 육안관찰과 주사전자현미경, XRD를 이용하여 오염물의 상태를 파악하고 정성 정량분석을 통해 비교 분류하였다. 분석결과, 표면오염물은 철화합물이나 황화합물 등 화합물로 존재하며, 결정 형태는 원형, 타원형, 침상, 각형이 주를 이룬다. 오염물을 제거할 수 있는 방법을 검토한 결과, 미립재를 와류형식으로 분사하는 저압와류세척방법이 적당한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.208-216
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study is to control residual chemicals or by-products generated in chambers during preventive maintenance (PM) in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. We designed local exhaust ventilation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Methods: The air flow characteristics and capture efficiency between rectangular and slot hoods were compared numerically. The software Fluent 18.1 was used to estimate uniform velocity distribution and capture efficiency for contaminants. A metal from group 15 in the periodic table was released at the bottom of the chamber to simulate emissions. Results: The slot hood had a higher capture efficiency than a rectangular hood under the same conditions because the slot hood provided uniform air flow and higher face velocity. Also, there was no rotating swirl in the plenum for slot, that is why slot had better efficiency than rectangular even though they had similar face velocity. With less than 10 slots, the capture efficiencies for contaminants were nearly 95%. The optimum conditions for a hood to achieve high efficiency was 8 to 10 slots and a face velocity over 1 m/s. Conclusions: Well-designed ventilation systems must consider both efficiency and convenience. For this study, a slot hood that had high capture efficiency and no work disturbance was designed. This will contribute to protection of the worker's health in a PM area and other areas as well. Also, this study confirms the possibility of the application CFD in the semiconductor fabrication industry.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제51권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2014

The present study numerically investigated the effect of the advance ratio on the wake characteristics of the marine propeller in the propeller open water test. Therefore, a wide range of the advance ratio(0.2${\kappa}-{\omega}$SST Model are considered. The three-dimensional vortical structures of tip vortices are visualized by the swirl strength, resulting in fast decay of the tip vortices with increasing the advance ratio. Furthermore, to better understanding of the wake evolution, the contraction ratio of the slip stream for different advance ratios is extracted from the velocity fields. Consequently, the slip stream contraction ratio decreases with increasing the advance ratio and successively the difference of the slip stream contraction ratio between J=0.2 and J=0.8 is about 0.1R.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 2019

This study presents an experimental investigation of the wear and oxidation of the bristles of a brush seal in a super-heated steam environment. We construct a model reflecting normal force and radial interference to predict the amount of wear. To monitor the volume loss of the bristle induced by the swirl phenomenon of the rotor, we measure the clearance between the rotor and the brush seal by using a non-contact 3-D device. We calculate the area by using the area-wise measurement method. Considering the obvious brush seal wear variables, we use two disks with different roughness($Ra=0.1{\mu}m$ and $100{\mu}m$) to determine the effect of roughness on wear. Considering an actual steam turbine, we utilize a steam generator and super-heater to generate a working fluid (0.95MPa, 523.15K) that has high kinetic energy. We observe the abrasion of the bristles in the hot steam environment through a scanning electron microscope image. This study also conducted energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for a qualitative evaluation of local chemistry. The results indicate that the wear and elimination of bristles occur on the disk with high roughness, and the weight increases due to oxidation. Furthermore these results, reveal that the bristle oxidation is accelerated more under super-heated steam conditions than under conditions without steam.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제22권3호
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2018

화석연료를 연소할 때 연소로 내의 고온의 온도 분위기에서 열적 질소산화물이 발생하게 된다. 연소기기에서 질소산화물을 저감하기 위한 여러 가지 방법 중에 배기가스 재순환 방법이 널리 쓰이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 배기가스 재순환 배관에 코안다 노즐을 사용하고 양쪽 출구가 트인 재순환하는 버너에 대하여 냉간 유동 특성을 전산유체해석을 통해 살펴보았다. 재순환 배관이 원통 버너의 접선방향으로 설치되어 있어서 버너 내부에서 선회유동이 형성되어 원통 버너 중심 부분에 역류가 생기는 현상을 관찰하였으며 이는 한쪽이 막힌 재순환 버너와 유사한 경향임을 확인 하였다. 본 연구로부터 양쪽 출구가 트인 재순환 버너에서 재순환 유입량은 한쪽이 막힌 버너보다 약 5% 증가하는 것을 확인하였고 양쪽 트인 버너에서 배기가스 재순환 배관의 유입구 위치의 출구에서는 전체 영역에서 유입 유동이 형성되고 반대편의 출구에서는 총 유량은 배출되지만 원통의 가운데 부분은 역류가 일어나는 것을 확인하였다. 배출되는 출구에서 배출되는 유량은 유입되는 출구에서의 유입량보다 3~5배 유량이 크게 나타났다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제36회 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.1-2
• /
• 2011

Hybrid rockets have lately attracted attention as a strong candidate of small, low cost, safe and reliable launch vehicles. A significant topic is that the first commercially sponsored space ship, SpaceShipOne vehicle chose a hybrid rocket. The main factors for the choice were safety of operation, system cost, quick turnaround, and thrust termination. In Japan, five universities including Hokkaido University and three private companies organized "Hybrid Rocket Research Group" from 1998 to 2002. Their main purpose was to downsize the cost and scale of rocket experiments. In 2002, UNISEC (University Space Engineering Consortium) and HASTIC (Hokkaido Aerospace Science and Technology Incubation Center) took over the educational and R&D rocket activities respectively and the research group dissolved. In 2008, JAXA/ISAS and eleven universities formed "Hybrid Rocket Research Working Group" as a subcommittee of the Steering Committee for Space Engineering in ISAS. Their goal is to demonstrate technical feasibility of lowcost and high frequency launches of nano/micro satellites into sun-synchronous orbits. Hybrid rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellants. Usually the fuel is in a solid phase. A serious problem of hybrid rockets is the low regression rate of the solid fuel. In single port hybrids the low regression rate below 1 mm/s causes large L/D exceeding a hundred and small fuel loading ratio falling below 0.3. Multi-port hybrids are a typical solution to solve this problem. However, this solution is not the mainstream in Japan. Another approach is to use high regression rate fuels. For example, a fuel regression rate of 4 mm/s decreases L/D to around 10 and increases the loading ratio to around 0.75. Liquefying fuels such as paraffins are strong candidates for high regression fuels and subject of active research in Japan too. Nakagawa et al. in Tokai University employed EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) to modify viscosity of paraffin based fuels and investigated the effect of viscosity on regression rates. Wada et al. in Akita University employed LTP (Low melting ThermoPlastic) as another candidate of liquefying fuels and demonstrated high regression rates comparable to paraffin fuels. Hori et al. in JAXA/ISAS employed glycidylazide-poly(ethylene glycol) (GAP-PEG) copolymers as high regression rate fuels and modified the combustion characteristics by changing the PEG mixing ratio. Regression rate improvement by changing internal ballistics is another stream of research. The author proposed a new fuel configuration named "CAMUI" in 1998. CAMUI comes from an abbreviation of "cascaded multistage impinging-jet" meaning the distinctive flow field. A CAMUI type fuel grain consists of several cylindrical fuel blocks with two ports in axial direction. The port alignment shifts 90 degrees with each other to make jets out of ports impinge on the upstream end face of the downstream fuel block, resulting in intense heat transfer to the fuel. Yuasa et al. in Tokyo Metropolitan University employed swirling injection method and improved regression rates more than three times higher. However, regression rate distribution along the axis is not uniform due to the decay of the swirl strength. Aso et al. in Kyushu University employed multi-swirl injection to solve this problem. Combinations of swirling injection and paraffin based fuel have been tried and some results show very high regression rates exceeding ten times of conventional one. High fuel regression rates by new fuel, new internal ballistics, or combination of them require faster fuel-oxidizer mixing to maintain combustion efficiency. Nakagawa et al. succeeded to improve combustion efficiency of a paraffin-based fuel from 77% to 96% by a baffle plate. Another effective approach some researchers are trying is to use an aft-chamber to increase residence time. Better understanding of the new flow fields is necessary to reveal basic mechanisms of regression enhancement. Yuasa et al. visualized the combustion field in a swirling injection type motor. Nakagawa et al. observed boundary layer combustion of wax-based fuels. To understand detailed flow structures in swirling flow type hybrids, Sawada et al. (Tohoku Univ.), Teramoto et al. (Univ. of Tokyo), Shimada et al. (ISAS), and Tsuboi et al. (Kyushu Inst. Tech.) are trying to simulate the flow field numerically. Main challenges are turbulent reaction, stiffness due to low Mach number flow, fuel regression model, and other non-steady phenomena. Oshima et al. in Hokkaido University simulated CAMUI type flow fields and discussed correspondence relation between regression distribution of a burning surface and the vortex structure over the surface.