• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2004

Comb-type graft hydrogels composed of alginate and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) were prepared to manifest rapid temperature and pH sensitivity. To appear the electro-sensitivity, the polyaniline, conducting polymer, was added into the matrix. The swelling kinetics and ratios were compared under the various compositions of polyaniline. The swelling behaviors revealed that conducting polymer/hydrogel composites could control the swelling ratio and kinetics. The addition of polyaniline in the matrix improved the thermal stability in comparison with that of the hydrogel without polyaniline. In temperature sensitivity, the adding the polyaniline into the matrix decreased the degree of change in the swelling ratio. The swelling ratios continuously increased with increasing pH values. The drug release rate from the hydrogel increased with the adding the polyaniline and the applying the direct voltage to the hydrogels.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.147-151
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate DNA fragmentation status in human spermatozoa according to specific tail swelling patterns determined via hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST). Methods: Frozen semen samples from 21 healthy donors were thawed and prepared by the swim-up technique for use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The semen samples were treated for 5 minutes as part of the HOST procedure and then underwent the sperm chromatin dispersion test using a Halosperm kit. DNA fragmentation status (large halo, medium halo, small halo, no halo, or degraded) and the specific tail swelling pattern ("a"-"g") were assessed at the level of a single spermatozoon. A total of 42,000 spermatozoa were analyzed, and the percentage of spermatozoa without DNA fragmentation (as evidenced by a large or medium halo) was assessed according to the specific tail swelling patterns observed. Results: The HOST examinations showed that > 93% of spermatozoa across all types displayed no DNA fragmentation. The percentage of spermatozoa without DNA fragmentation was 100% in type "d", 98.67% in type "g", and 98.17% in type "f" spermatozoa. Conclusion: We found that the type "d" spermatozoa displayed no DNA fragmentation, but the other types of spermatozoa also displayed very low rates of DNA fragmentation. This result may be associated with the processing of the spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation and the swim-up technique.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2003

The comb-type grafted polymer hydrogels, which composed of N-isopropylacrylamide monomer and oligo(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-tert-butylacrylamide) [oligo(NIPAAm-co-t-BAM)], were synthesized by redox polymerization in 5~10% methanol aqueous solution using ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) at 4 oC for 24h. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of the comb-type grafted hydrogels were decreased with increase of t-BAM content in the grafted copolymer. We observed the effect of crosslinker and concentration of oligo(NIPAAm-co-t-BAM) on the shrinking/swelling ratio of hydrogels. Changes of shrinking/swelling ratio were decreased with increase of concentration of crosslinker. The increase of grafted oligo(NIPAAm-co-t-BAM) in the hydrogel shows an fast changes of shrinking/ swelling rate. The comb-type grafted hydrogels are expected to be valuable for the sensing materials of time-temperature labels(TTLs).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 2020

Metformin is a recommended first-line therapy drug for type 2 diabetes patients. However, compared to other oral antidiabetic drugs (OAD), metformin has a large unit dosage, with bioavailability of 40-60%. This limiting bioavailability is because metformin is absorbed only in the upper gastrointestinal tract as a BCS class 3 drug. Hence, we propose that applying the Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System (GRDDS) and extending drug release time in the stomach will result in improved bioavailability. We selected the swelling type delivery system, as it is considered the most stable gastroretention technology compared to other GRDDSs. We modified the swelling excipient by using a natural swelling excipient to form a swelling tablet made of carrageenan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Our results indicate that the swelling complex tablet made of carrageenan and HPMC has a good swelling ability and shows required sustained release in a dissolution pattern. In addition, the carrageenan complex has a better swelling ability than the marketed metformin tablet, as determined by the ratio, (swelling ability)/(excipient weight). Taken together, our results indicate that the carrageenan complex can be developed as a good swelling excipient. Further optimizations are required for the commercialization of the carrageenan complex.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.43-46
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• 2016

Ameloblastic carcinoma is a malignant form of ameloblastoma defined by histological evidence of malignancy in primary, recurrent, or metastatic tumor. Such a tumor is rare, and the maxilla is an unusual site. Due to its rarity, the characteristics of this tumor in the maxilla have not been well described. Case 1: A 55-year-old, ill-appearing Nigerian male presented to our center with left maxillary swelling of seven-year duration. The swelling had been slow-growing and painless until one year prior, when the growth became rapid and was coupled with severe pain. The swelling affected both oral function and facial esthetics, and the patient reported difficulty breathing. There was a maxillary, ulcerated swelling extending from teeth 12 to 18 and blocking the left nostril. The involved teeth were moderately mobile. Case 2: A 32-year-old male farmer presented with recurrent right maxillary swelling of six-year duration. Prior to this episode, he had undergone surgery for ameloblastoma (follicular type). The present swelling was fungating through the skin and protruding into the right nostril. Ameloblastic carcinoma is an aggressive odontogenic tumor that requires aggressive surgical treatment.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.45-51
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• 2008

Removal of nonaqueous phase liquid present in the soil column by using cosolvent floods was investigated. The first objective of the study was to elucidate the removal mechanism of cosolvent flooding for benzene-NAPL. The second objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of the alchohol partitioning type (NAPL swelling and non-swelling) and concentration on NAPL removal efficiency from the soil column. The main NAPL removal mechanism of swelling alcohol was mobilization, while that of non-swelling alcohol was NAPL dissolution. The NAPL removal efficiency of swelling alcohol was more effective than that of non-swelling alcohol. Removal of Benzene NAPL entrapped in the soil would be effective under the cosolvent flood condition of alcohol content greater than 40% in volume.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.179-183
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• 1989

Drug release experiments were performed based on pH-sensitive swelling behaviors of polymethacrylic acid. 5-Fluorouracil as a nonionic model drug revealed release patterns depending solely on pH-dependent swelling kinetics of polymethacrylic acid. In contrast, release of propranolol hydrochloride as a cationic model drug was significantly affected by ionic drug-polymer interaction as well as the swelling kinetics. Accordingly, a zero-order release pattern was obtained at pH 7, which was distinguished from the general matrix type drug release pattern.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.43-48
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• 2012

This study was investigated on the properties of board made from Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens particles differed in density of board and mixed ratio of powder type- and liquid type-phenolic resin. As the board density increase, thickness swelling and bending strength increased while water absorption decreased. With increasing the resin content, water absorption and thickness swelling decreased while MOR and internal bond strength increased. The board made of liquid type phenol-formaldehyde resin was low in water absorption and thickness swelling, and there were similar bending strengths between power type- and liquid type-phenol resin in resin cont of 11% and 13% at the board density $0.4g/cm^3$ and internal bond strength was higher with liquid type-phenolic resin in its bending strength.

• Dyeing and Finishing
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• v.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 2007

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.340-350
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• 2011

1. Objectives: This clinical study was conducted to understand the differences between Sasang constitutional types and to identify the physical symptoms presentation specific to each Sasang constitutional type. 2. Methods: In this descriptive study, 2,629 subjects (1,061 Taeeum-type, 683 Soeum-type, 885 Soyang-type) were surveyed between Nov 1, 2007 and Jul 31, 2010. The subjective symptoms experienced by the subjects were collected using a Physical Symptoms questionnaire, and the subjects were interviewed by Sasang specialists who determined the subjects' constitutional type. The data (in crude number and percentage) was analyzed on the general characteristics, Sasang constitutional type, and physical symptoms using the SPSS 17.0 software. The symptomatic presentation in men and women were analyzed on Sasang constitutional distribution using the chi-square test. 3. Results: 1) The physical symptoms specific to each Sasang constitutional type were as follows: 'frequent aphthous lesions in the oral cavity', 'lingering fatigue after sleep', 'headache', 'common cold symptoms presenting as loss of appetite or indigestion', and 'physical deterioration presenting as problems with digestion' in the Soeum type; 'physical deterioration presenting as problems in perspiration' and 'swelling and puffiness' in the Taeeum type; and 'excessive forgetfulness' in the Soyang type. 2) The physical symptoms specific to each Sasang constitutional type in men were as follows: 'Unilateral or bilateral headaches, 'frequent aphthous lesions in the oral cavity', 'common cold symptoms presenting as rhinorrhea or nasal congestion', 'common cold symptoms presenting as loss of appetite or indigestion', and 'physical deterioration presenting as problems with digestion' in the Soeum type; and 'swelling and puffiness' in the Taeeum type. 3) The physical symptoms specific to each Sasang constitutional type in women were as follows: 'common cold symptoms presenting as headaches', 'common cold symptoms presenting as loss of appetite or indigestion', 'physical deterioration presenting as problems with digestion' in the Soeum type; and 'pain in knees', 'redness of eyes', 'dryness of mouth', 'common cold symptoms presenting as coughing', 'physical deterioration presenting as problems in perspiration', 'swelling and puffiness' in the Taeeum type. 4. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that physical symptoms present in constitutional type-specific patterns. Understanding of the personal Sasang constitutional type and systematic, personalized healthcare based on constitutional typology is anticipated to contribute to improved health management strategy.