• 제목/요약/키워드: Surface ozone

검색결과 371건 처리시간 0.024초

상온 노화 후 고무가황물에서 왁스의 이동과 증발에 미치는 왁스의 분자량 분포 (Influence of Wax Molecular Weights on Wax Migration and Evaporation of Rubber Vulcanizates at Room Temperature)

  • 임송희;최성신
    • Elastomers and Composites
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    • 제44권4호
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    • pp.397-400
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    • 2009
  • 오존은 상온에서 폴리머 이중 결합의 산화작용을 활발하게 하여 표면 갈라짐을 유발시킨다. 왁스는 고무 표면으로 이동하여 물리적 방어막을 형성하여 오존의 작용을 방지한다. 비보강 NR, SBR, BR 가황물을 상온에서 6개월간 노화 시켜 노화 전후의 왁스의 분자량 분포 변화를 조사하였다. 상온 조건에서 고무 가황물에 있는 왁스의 이동과 증발 거동은 노화방지제로서의 왁스의 역할과 고무 제품의 외관 오염을 이해하는데 도움을 준다. NR 시험편에서 알칸의 상대 세기 분포는 노화 후 고분자량쪽으로 이동하였으나 SBR 시험편의 경우에는 노화 전후의 분자량 분포 모양에는 큰 차이가 없었다.

금속 막의 정밀 여과 특성 및 간헐적 오존 처리에 의한 막 오염 저감 (Micro-Filtration Performance of Metal Membrane md Fouling Reduction by Intermittent Ozonation)

  • 김종오;정종태
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.66-74
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    • 2004
  • 합성 하수 및 실제 하수를 이용한 금속 막의 정밀 여과 공정에서 분리 막의 전체 저항의 증가는 입자의 막 표면 축적에 의한 케이크 층의 저항 ($R_c$)에 가장 큰 영향을 받았다. 막 오염 저감을 위한 방법으로 오존 가스를 이용한 간헐적 역세정은 공기에 의한 경우보다 막 오염 저감에 훨씬 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 운전 인자에 대한 영향으로 동일한 오존 주입량에서는 주입시간을 길게 하기보다는 주입 가스 유량을 크게 할수록 더 높은 막 투과 유속의 회복을 보였다. 여과시간이 길수록 오존가스를 이용한 막 오염 저감효과가 감소하는 것으로 나타나 부착층 및 막 내부에서 파울링 물질에 의한 비가역적인 막 오염이 발생하기 전에 막 세정을 실시하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단된다.

3구 노즐을 이용한 플라즈마 가스 용존율 향상을 위한 플라즈마 공정의 최적화 (Optimization of Plasma Process to Improve Plasma Gas Dissolution Rate using Three-neck Nozzle)

  • 김동석;박영식
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제30권5호
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    • pp.399-406
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    • 2021
  • The dissolution of ionized gas in dielectric barrier plasma, similar to the principle of ozone generation, is a major performance-affecting factor. In this study, the plasma gas dissolving performance of a gas mixing-circulation plasma process was evaluated using an experimental design methodology. The plasma reaction is a function of four parameters [electric current (X1), gas flow rate (X2), liquid flow rate (X3) and reaction time (X4)] modeled by the Box-Behnken design. RNO (N, N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline), an indictor of OH radical formation, was evaluated using a quadratic response surface model. The model prediction equation derived for RNO degradation was shown as a second-order polynomial. By pooling the terms with poor explanatory power as error terms and performing ANOVA, results showed high significance, with an adjusted R2 value of 0.9386; this indicate that the model adequately satisfies the polynomial fit. For the RNO degradation, the measured value and the predicted values by the model equation agreed relatively well. The optimum current, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and reaction time were obtained for the highest desirability for RNO degradation at 0.21 A, 2.65 L/min, 0.75 L/min and 6.5 min, respectively.

서울의 최근 자외선 복사의 변화 2004~2010 (Recent Variations of UV Irradiance at Seoul 2004~2010)

  • 김준;박상서;조나영;김우경;조희구
    • 대기
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.429-438
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    • 2011
  • The climatology of surface UV radiation for Seoul, presented in Cho et al. (1998; 2001), has been updated using measurement of surface erythemal ultraviolet (EUV) and total ultraviolet (TUV) irradiance (wavelength 286.5~363.0 nm) by a Brewer Spectrophotometer (MK-IV) for the period 2004~2010. The analysis was also carried out together with the broadband total (global) solar irradiance (TR ; 305~2800 nm) and cloud amount to compare with the UV variations, measured by Seoul meteorological station of Korean Meteorological Agency located near the present study site. Under all-sky conditions, the day-to-day variability of EUV exhibits annual mean of 98% in increase and 31% in decrease. It has been also shown that the EUV variability is 17 times as high as the total ozone in positive change, whereas this is 6 times higher in negative change. Thus, the day to day variability is dominantly caused rather by the daily synoptic situations than by the ozone variability. Annual mean value of daily EUV and TUV shows $1.62kJm^{-2}$ and $0.63MJm^{-2}$ respectively, whereas mean value of TR is $12.4MJm^{-2}$ ($143.1Wm^{-2}$). The yearly maximum in noon-time UV Index (UVI) varies between 9 and 11 depending on time of year. The highest UVI shows 11 on 20 July, 2008 during the period 2004~2010, but for the period 1994~2000, the index of 12 was recorded on 13 July, 1994 (Cho et al., 2001). A 40% of daily maximum UVI belongs to "low (UVI < 2)", whereas the UVI less than 5% of the maximum show "very high (8 < UVI < 10)". On average, the maximum UVI exceeded 8 on 9 days per year. The values of Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service (TEMIS) EUV and UVI under cloud-free conditions are 1.8 times and 1.5 times, respectively, higher than the all-sky measurements by the Brewer. The trend analysis in fractional deviation of monthly UV from the reference value shows a decrease of -0.83% and -0.90% $decade^{-1}$ in the EUV and TUV, respectively, whereas the TR trend is near zero (+0.11% $decade^{-1}$). The trend is statistically significant except for TR trend (p = 0.279). It is possible that the recent UV decrease is mainly associated with increase in total ozone, but the trend in TR can be attributed to the other parameters such as clouds except the ozone. Certainly, the cloud effects suggest that the reason for the differences between UV and TR trends can be explained. In order to estimate cloud effects, the EUV, TUV and TR irradiances have been also evaluated for clear skies (cloud cover < 25%) and cloudy skies (cloud cover ${\geq}$ 75%). Annual mean values show that EUV, TUV and TR are $2.15kJm^{-2}$, $0.83MJm^{-2}$, and $17.9MJm^{-2}$ for clear skies, and $1.24kJm^{-2}$, $0.46MJm^{-2}$, and $7.2MJm^{-2}$ for cloudy skies, respectively. As results, the transmission of radiation through clouds under cloudy-sky conditions is observed to be 58%, 55% and 40% for EUV, TUV and TR, respectively. Consequently, it is clear that the cloud effects on EUV and TUV are 18% and 15%, respectively lower than the effects on TR under cloudy-sky conditions. Clouds under all-sky conditions (average of cloud cover is 5 tenths) reduced the EUV and TUV to about 25% of the clear-sky (cloud cover < 25%) values, whereas for TR, this was 31%. As a result, it is noted that the UV radiation is attenuated less than TR by clouds under all weather conditions.

Comparison of Removal Efficiency of Mn-loaded Natural Zeolites and Red Mud for the Catalytic Ozonation of 2-Butanone

  • Park, Youna;Lee, Jung Eun;Park, Young-Kwon
    • 공업화학
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.328-334
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    • 2022
  • For the study of environmental application of natural zeolites (NZ) and red mud (RM), which are discharged from various industrial fields, the catalytic ozonation of 2-butaone (methyl ethyl ketone, MEK) was performed using the Mn-loaded NZ prepared according to the Mn content of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 wt%. By the addition of Mn to NZ, the BET (Brunaure-Emmett-Teller) specific surface area of Mn/NZ catalysts decreased while the ratio of Mn3+/[Mn3++Mn4+] intensively increased. Besides, the addition of Mn component to NZ increased the ratio of adsorbed oxygen (Oadsorbed) toward lattice oxygen (Olattice), Oadsorbed/Olattice from 0.076 of NZ to 0.465 of 10 wt% Mn/NZ according to the amount of Mn. It is known that the proportion of two species, Mn3+ and Oadsorbed, would greatly affect the catalytic activity. However, the balancing between the paired species, Mn3+ vs. Mn4+ and Oadsorbed vs. Olattice might be more essential for the catalytic ozonation of MEK at room temperature. Among the Mn-loaded NZ catalysts, the 3 wt% Mn/NZ showed the best activity for the removal of MEK and ozone. The 5, 7, and 10 wt% Mn/NZ catalysts are slightly inferior to the 3 wt% Mn/NZ. Compared to the pristine NZ, the Mn/NZ catalysts showed better activity for the catalytic ozonation of MEK. In addition, the 3 wt% Mn/NZ was confirmed to have the most available acid sites among them by the analysis of NH3-TPD (temperature programmed desorption). This might be the major reason for the best catalytic activity of 3 wt% Mn/NZ together with the adjusted distribution ratios of Mn3+/Mn4+ and Oadsorbed/Olattice. Considering the result of 3 wt% Mn/NZ, the 3 wt% Mn/RM was prepared to perform the catalytic activity for the removal of MEK and ozone, but the efficiency of 3 wt% Mn/RM was significantly lower than that of the 3 wt% Mn/NZ.

장기간 친수성 유지를 위해 오존을 이용하여 HEMA 처리한 PDMS의 표면 개질 (PDMS Surface Modification with HDMA Grafting Using Ozone for Prolonging Hydrophilicity Lifetime)

  • 김상철;장병현;양상식
    • 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한전기학회 2004년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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    • pp.2096-2098
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    • 2004
  • 본 논문은 마이크로 유체 소자의 소재로서 많이 쓰이고 있는 poly(dimethyl-siloxane) (PDMS)의 친수성 유지를 위한 표면 개질에 대한 연구이다. PDMS는 유연성, 투명성 등의 다양한 장점을 가지고 있으나, 높은 소수성으로 인하여 유체 소자로의 응용에 제한을 갖는다. 기존 연구에서 수행한 산소 플라즈마 후 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) 처리에 의한 PDMS의 표면 개질은 친수성 유지 시간에 한계가 있었다. 이에 친수성 유지 시간을 증가시키기 위하여 경화된 PDMS에 두 시간의 오존 처리 후, 6시간 동안 monomethyl ether hydroquinone (MEHQ)가 제거된 HEMA로 표면을 개질한다. 표면 처리된 PDMS의 친수성 특성을 확인하기 위해 접촉각을 측정하였다. 측정 결과, 오존을 이용하였을 때 $60^{\circ}$ 이하의 낮은 접촉각이 900시간 이상 유지됨을 확인하였다.

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세라믹 방전판의 코로나 방전 특성 (Corona discharge characteristics of ceramic discharge plate)

  • 최규남
    • 전자공학회논문지T
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    • 제36T권3호
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    • pp.72-78
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    • 1999
  • 오존발생기에 사용되는 세라믹 방전판 상하면에 패턴된 전극간에 일어나는 연면 코로나 방전의 주파수 특성에 대하여 측정하였다. 암류방전 경우와 연면코로나 방전 경우의 주파수 특성에 대하여 비교하였다. 효율적인 오존발생에 필요한 코로나방전을 위해서는 공진주파수로 스위칭 시키는것 보다는 공진주파수의 수분의 1로 스위칭 시킨후 공진을 이용하여 스위칭 파형을 체배 시키는 것이 방전판에서의 전계의 분포를 불균일하게 하는데 효율적인 것을 알 수 있었다. 공진주파수의 1/5의 주파수로 스위칭 시킬때 오존발생효율은 28㎎/W인 것으로 측정되었다.

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순차 스퍼터법으로 제작한 BiSrCaCuO 박막의 부착 특성 (Sticking Characteristics in BiSrCaCuO Thin Film Fabricated by Layer-by-Layer Sputtering Method)

  • 천민우;박용필;김정호
    • 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국전기전자재료학회 2003년도 제5회 학술대회 논문집 일렉트렛트 및 응용기술연구회
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    • pp.45-48
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    • 2003
  • BiSrCaCuO thin films were fabricated by atomic layer-by-layer deposition using an ion beam sputtering method. 10 wt% and 90 wt% ozone mixed with oxygen were used with ultraviolet light irradiation to assist oxidation. At early stages of the atomic layer by layer deposition, two dimensional epitaxial growth which covers the substrate surface would be suppressed by the stress and strain caused by the lattice misfit, then three dimensional growth takes place. Since Cu element is the most difficult to oxidize, only Sr and Bi react with each other predominantly, and forms a buffer layer on the substrate in an amorphous-like structure, which is changed to $SrBi_2O_4$ by in-situ anneal.

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저온공정 실리콘 산화막의 질소 패시베이션 효과 (Passivation of Silicon Oxide Film Deposited at Low Temperature by Annealing in Nitrogen Ambient)

  • 김준식;정호균;최병덕;이기용;이준신
    • 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.334-338
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    • 2006
  • Poly silicon TFT requires high quality dielectric film; conventional method of growing silicon dioxide needs highly hazardous chemicals such as silane. We have grown high quality dielectric film of silicon dioxide using non-hazardous chemical such as TFOS and ozone as reaction gases by APCVD. The films grown were characterized through C-V curves of MOS structures. Conventional APCVD requires high temperature processing where as in the process of current study, we developed a low temperature process. Interface trap density was substantially decreased in the silicon surface coated with the silicon dioxide film after annealing in nitrogen ambient. The interface with such low trap density could be used for poly silicon TFT fabrication with cheaper cost and potentially less hazards.

ATOSPHERIC CORRECTION FOR ASTER THERMAL RADIOMETRY USING MODIS ATMOSPHERIC PROFILES

  • Park, Wook;Choi, Jae-Won;Lee, Yoon-Kyung
    • 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한원격탐사학회 2008년도 International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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    • pp.305-308
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    • 2008
  • The goal of this study is to retrieve ASTER thermal radiometry using a radiative transfer model. The MODTRAN is used for the model because it is easy to use with high spatial resolution and it is possible to specify input parameters such as profiles of temperature, water vapor density, ozone, aerosols and any of the other gasses. Most of parameters such as temperature and water vapor profiles were obtained from the Terra MODIS. The selected ASTER scene images land and coastal area. The surface radiance of ASTER TIR bands were retrieved by MODTRAN and extracted atmospheric profiles from MOD07 and US standard 76 models. Radiance estimated using MOD07 data was systematically lower by about 0.5-1.0 $W/m^2$ sr ${\mu}m$ than that by US standard 76 model between the two cases.

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