• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권3호
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• pp.350-357
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• 2006

인공강우발생장치를 이용하여 산불발생지를 대상으로 산불발생 후 경과년수에 따라 각 지역에 대한 강우강도 및 경사별로 지표유출량을 관측하여 산불발생지의 지표유출 특성을 구명하고, 또한 지표유출량과 강우강도, 경사, 경과년수와의 관계를 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 산불발생연도별 지표유출량은 강우강도가 30 mm/hr씩 증가함에 따라서 2.2~3.2배 증가하였으며, 경사가 $10^{\circ}$씩 증가함에 따라서는 1.5~1.9배 증가하였다 2. 산불발생지에서 지피식생이 80% 이상 피복되더라도 초기강우 때의 지표유출량은 다소 많이 발생하여, 식생에 의한 유출량 감소효과는 높지 않았다. 3. 산불발생 후 경과년수에 따라 강우강도 및 경사별로 구분한 지표유출량은 산불발생 3년 후의 경우 발생당년에 비해 22.3%~41.8%로 감소하였고, 산불발생당년에는 강우강도 및 경사별로 지표유출량에 많은 차이가 있었으나 시간이 경과할수록 그 차이가 작아졌다. 4. 산불발생지사변에서의 지표유출량에 대해 각 인자간의 영향성을 분석한 결과, 강우강도, 경사, 경과년수의 각각의 주효과와 강우강도${\times}$경사, 강우강도${\times}$경과년수의 상호작용 효과에 대해서는 차이를 보였고, 경사${\times}$경과년수, 강우강도${\times}$경사${\times}$경과년수의 상호작용 효과에 대해서는 차이가 없었다. 지표유출량에 영향을 미치는 인자의 영향도는 강우강도가 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 다음이 경사, 경과년수의 순이었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2013

As the feature of fire, it is hard for deep-seated fire to spread to the deeper site, and it also has danger for being re-ignited cause of recontacting with oxygen after being put off. Now it is ruled in the certification criteria of wetting agent used for extinguishing deep-seated fire that the criteria for surface tension is below 33[mN/m] in Korea. For figuring out how much water for fire-fighiting can permeate into combustibles, in this research, the permeating performance is analyzed by measuring the speed of permeating and transmission quantity released after that, by pouring solution whose surface tension is changed by adjusting concentration of surfactant BDG(Butyl Di Glycol) in column From this result, it is can be determined that transmission quantity becomes less and wet area goes wider as surface tension is lower, and it is also able to be analyzed as quantity of absorbed liquid and wet area is increased because fluid permeates into the core.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 1997년도 International Symposium on Fire Science and Technology
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• pp.518-525
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• 1997

A series of measurements and visualization to investigate the interaction of water sprays with pool fires is presented. Fire source is a small-scale pool burner with methanol, ethanol and gasoline. Measurements of temperatures, $O_2$, $CO_2$, and CO concentrations along the plume centerline are carried out to observe pool fire structures without water sprays. Visualization by the Ar-ion laser sheet shows flow pattern of droplets of the sprays above the pool fires. It is observed that in the case of methanol and ethanol, water sprays continuously penetrate into the center of fuel surfaces. The gasoline pool fire allows intermittent penetration of water sprays because of pulsating characteristics of the gasoline flame. To evaluate the cooling effect of the fuel surface by the sprays, the temperature was measured at the fuel surface. As soon as the mists reach the fuel surface of methanol and ethanol, the temperatures of the fuel surface decrease rapidly below the boiling point, and then the fires are extinguished. Due to the application of mist upon the gasoline fire, though the fuel temperature decrease abruptly at the time of the injection, such a rapid decrease do not continue till the extinction point.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.207-217
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• 2000

A fire fighting characteristic by a single evaporating droplet in the case of a fire of military enclosure space was studied experimentally. Transient cooling of solid surface by water droplet evaporation has been investigated through controlled experiments using a heated brass cylinder. Quantitative predictions of droplet evaporation time and in-depth transient temperature distribution in solid have been made. The particular interest was in the removal of thermal energy from the heated cylinder by evaporative cooling. A $10{\mu}1$ single droplet is deposited on a horizontal brass surface with initial temperatures in the range of $90^{\circ}C{\sim}130^{\circ}C.$ The results can be summarized as follows; Evaporating droplet was divided into three different configuration. Evaporation time was predicted as a function of initial surface temperature ($t_c=492.62-6.89T_{s0}+0.0248T_{s0}^2).$ The contact temperature was predicted as a function of initial surface temperature( $T_{i}$=0.94 $T_{s0}$+1.4), The parameter ${\beta}_o$ was predicted as a function of initial surface temperature( ${\beta}_0$ : 0.O0312 $T_{s0}+0.932$)>)>)

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

A series of measurements and visualization to investigate the extingushiment of water sprays with pool fires is presented. Fire source is a small-scale pool burner with methanol, ethanol and gasoline. Measurements of temperature, O2, CO2, and CO concentrations along the plume centerline are carried out to observe pool structures without water sprays. Visualization by the Ar-ion laser sheet flow pattern of droplets of the sprays above the pool fires. It is observed than in the case of methanol and ethanol, water sprays continuously penetrate into the center of fuel surfaces. The gasoline pool fire allows intermittent penetration of water sprays because of pulsating characteristics of the gasoline flame. To evaluate the cooling effect of the fuel surface by the sprays, the temperature was measured at the fuel surface. As soon as the mists reach the fuel surface of methanol and ethanol, the temperatures of the fuel surface decrease rapidly below the boiling point, and then the fires are extinguished. Due to the application of mist upon the gasoline fire, though the fuel temperature decrease abruptly at the time of the injection, such a repid decrease do not continue till the extinction point.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2013

This study was carried out, using toxicity test apparatus, to analyze toxic gases of heat insulation material and adhesives of composite panels used for the architectural surface material when a fire occurs. The findings of this study show that CO, $CO_2$, HCOH, $CH_2CHCN$ and $NO_x$ were detected from styrofoam, reinforced styrofoam, polyurethane foam and glass fiber, but in the case of the polyurethane foam, HCl and HCN were detected as well. All the architectural adhesives released CO, $CO_2$ and $NO_x$, but HCHO was only detected from the adhesives for styrofoam, wood, tile, windows and doors; $CH_2CHCN$ was only from those for wood and stone; $C_6H_5OH$ was only from those for wood. The toxicity index was also measured for architectural surface material and adhesives. Polyurethane foam showed the highest index, 11.7, and glass fiber was followed as 6.8. Reinforced styrofoam showed 5.7 and styrofoam revealed the least 4.9. In the case of architectural adhesives, the highest ranking was those for stone 7.4, windows and doors 6.1, wood 5.3, tile 3.8, and styrofoam 3.7 were followed, respectively.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1997년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.272-277
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• 1997

The object of this paper is to analyze the surface temperature of RC structures caused by fire. The experimental analysis is undertaken by using following two methods. 1) Simulation to analyze the relationship between the temperature and the condition change for glass wool caused by fire. 2) Temperature-analysis (TG/DTA tests) of RC structures. From the results of the two experimental analysis, it was possible to estimate the temperature of RC concrete structures caused by fire.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 1993

Flame spreading over liquid fuel surface has been investigated using thermocouple and schlieren photograph. Without forced convection, it was clearly found that the flame spreading is mainly controlled by surface flow which is maybe generated by change of surface tension. Furthermore, the radiative heat transfer is dominant over a conductive heat transfer in kerosene. But the latter was found more influential than the former in diesel. Oscillation of flame spreading was found. It maybe cause of surface flow.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.206-212
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• 2009

Chemical behaviors of each surface material for interior facilities affect to fire initiation and growth in general fire situation. These chemical behaviors were characterized by thermal properties (Heat release rate, Pyrolysis rate, specific heat, etc) which could be derived from experimental test. Especially, Heat release rate which indicates aspect of fire size is one of the most important property to asses fire hazard and protection needs. The cone calorimeter test (ISO 5660) has recently assumed to a dominant role in bench scale fire testing to obtain the Heat release rate of materials. This value could be calculated by the 'Oxygen Consumption Method' under various producing irradiances to each surface of materials. In this study, Process of the cone calorimeter test was simulated by Pyrolysis model of FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator by NIST) base on the ISO 5660 international standard. Then, we could estimate the simulation method of FDS in case of single materials through the comparative study with test results.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.60-80
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• 1996

AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) on NOAA satellite provides data in five spectral, one in visible range, one in near infrared and three in thermal range. In this paper, application of NOAA/AVHRR data is studied for environment monitoring such as cloud top temperature, surface temperature, albedo, sea surface temperature, vegetation index, forest fire, flood, snow cover and so on. The analyses for cloud top temperature, surface temperature, albedo, sea surface temperature, vegetation index and forest fire showed reasonable agreement. But monitoring for flood and snow cover was uneasy due to the limitations such as cloud contamination, low spatial resolution. So this research had only simple purpose to identify well-defined waterbody for dynamic monitoring of flood. Based on development of these basic algorithms, we have a plan to further reseach for environment monitoring using AVHRR data.