• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.25-32
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• 2000

In order to analyze the behavior of piled abutment adjacent to surcharge loads a numerical study was conducted. In 2D plane stalin analysis, the distribution of lateral soil movement was investigated by varying the thickness of clay layer and the magnitude of surcharge loads. In 3D analysis, the magnitude and distribution of lateral pile-soil movement were studied for different cap rigidity. Based on limited parametric studies, a simple method is proposed to identify the lateral pressure of piled abutment adjacent to surcharge loads.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.79-86
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• 2000

Recently, application of the reinforced earth wall is in increasing trend. Although many investigations on the influence of the length and spacing of reinforcement and the values of surcharge load has been carried out in the past, but the research about the influence of the location and value of surcharge loads has been scarce. Therefore this study was necessitated. The model test were carried out by varying the location and value of surcharge loads for two types of the backfill soils.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.405-415
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• 1998

This thesis is an experimental and numerical research on bearing capacity acting retaining walls close to rigid slopes with stiff angles. Experiments were performed with changing the roughness of adjacent slope to the wall, its inclination, distance between wall and slope. Vertical stress and applied surcharge loads were measured by miniature earth cells and a load cel respectively. Stress distribution Vertical Settlement of surcharge load of rigid model footing were measured by LVDTs. Bearing capacities of surcharge loads were compared with theoretical estimations by using several different methods of limit equilibrium and numerical analysis. For limit equilibrium methods, the modified silo and the wedge theories, proposed by Chung sung gyo and Chung in gyo (1994) were used to analyze test results Based on those modified theories, the particular solution with the boundary condition of surcharge loads on the surface of backfill was obtained to find the stress distributions acting in the backfill and to compare with test results. From results of surcharge test with model wall being very close to the slope, analyzed results by the modified silo theory and to be in the better agreements than other methods.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제21권B호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2001

This paper is experimental and numerical research about the sliding behavior of cantilever retaining walls resisting surcharge loads. In experimental research, centrifuge model tests at the lg and 40 g-level were performed by changing the location of model footing and its width. Bearing capacity of model footing and characteristics of load-settlement and load-lateral displacement of retaining wall were investigated. Test results of bearing capacity were compared with modified jarquio method, based on the limit equilibrium method with elasticity theory. For the numerical analysis, the commericially available program of FLAC was used by implementing the hyperbolic constitutive relationships to compare with test result about load-settlement and load-displacement of retaining wall, bearing capacity of strip footing.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.165-180
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• 1997

건물의 지하외벽 또는 암거나 박스 칼버트와 같은 지하구조물은 되메움한 흙의 자중에 의한 하중 이외에 되메움이 완료된 후 주차장을 신설하거나 도로를 건설하면 차량이나 구조물에 의해 표면에 작용하는 점하중, 띠하중, 선하중 등의 외부 하중을 지자하게 된다. 이러한 상재하중에 의한 지중응력은 구조물에 영향을 받아 수평압력 및 연직압력을 증가시킨다. 상재하중에 의해 증가하는 지중응력을 계산하는 방법은 지반이 반무한 탄성체이며 등방성이고 균질하다는 가정하의 Boussinesq(1885)의 탄성론에 의한 지중응력 산정법과 지반은 등향적(imtropic)이고 균질하며 활동선이 Coulomb의 기준에 맞는다라는 가정하에 Krey(1936), Ohde(1952) 등의 소성론에 따른 산정법 및 이를 조합한 Schmitt(1992) 등이 제시한 탄소성론에 의한 산정 법등이 제시되었다. 본 연구에서는 탄소봉으로 지반을 조성한 후 되메움 공간의 크기가 다른 경우 그 표면에 등분포 띠 하중으로서 상재하중이 작용할 때 증가되는 수평토압의 크기, 벽체에 작용하는 토압에 의한 수직압력 및 굴착면 하부에 작용하는 연직토압을 측정하여 상재하중과토압의 관계를규명하였다. 또한, Mohr-Coulomb의 지반구성모델을 이용한 유한차분법 (FDM)으로 해석하여 그 결과를 실험 결과와 비교, 검토하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2004

지중에 매설되는 구조물은 매설된 후 교통하중등의 외부하중을 추가로 부담하게 된다. Terzaghi(1956) 는 수직하게 형성된 되메움 상태의 상재하중 영향을 산출하는 이론식을 제안한 바 있다. 그러나 현장에서는 되메움 공간 형태가 수직하게만 형성되지 않으며, 수직하지 않은 공간을 취하는 경우에는 그 경계조건이 부합되지 않아 사용이 적합하지 않다. 본 연구에서는 되메움 공간 형태가 대칭적으로 경사지며 되메움 후 상재하중이 작용될 경우, 상재하중에 의한 되메움 공간에서의 응력의 크기를 산출하는 이론식을 제안하였다. 제안된 이론식은 실내모형 탄소봉실험과 수치해석을 수행하여 이를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 제안된 이론식은 실험결과와 매우 유사한 결과를 나타냈으나 수치해석과는 다소 상이한 결과를 보였다. 이는 탄소봉으로 조성한 지반이 하중증가에 따라 다소 조밀하여지면서 내부마찰각의 증가와 이에 따른 벽면 마찰의 증가가 발생되었음에 비추어 수치해석상에는 반영될 수 없는 점이 그 차이를 나타내는 결과로 사료된다. 되메움 지반이 경사진 경우에 대하여 제안된 이론식은 수직한 되메움 공간의 형태에 적용시켰을 경우 Terzaghi(1956)의 이론식과는 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 본 연구의 결과를 살펴보았을 때 제안된 이론식은 적용이 가능한 것으로 사료되며 또한 수직한 공간에 대한 적용 역시 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 실내모형 탄소봉실험이므로 실대형 실험을 통한 검증이 요구되어진다 하겠다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.639-652
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• 2023

Stepped earth slopes incorporated with anti-slide piles are widely utilized in landslide disaster preventions. Explicit consideration of the three-dimensional (3D) effect in the slope design warrants producing more realistic solutions. A 3D limit analysis of the stability of pile stabilized stepped slopes is performed in light of the kinematic limit analysis theorem. The influences of seismic excitation and surcharge load are both considered from a kinematic perspective. The upper bound solution to the factor of safety is optimized and compared with published solutions, demonstrating the capability and applicability of the proposed method. Comparative studies are performed with respect to the roles of 3D effect, pile location, pile spacing, seismic and surcharge loads in the safety assessments of stepped slopes. The results demonstrate that the stability of pile reinforced stepped slopes differ with that of single stage slopes dramatically. The optimum pile location lies in the upper portion of the slope around L_x/L = 0.9, but may also lies in the shoulder of the bench. The pile reinforcement reaches 10% universally for a looser pile spacing D_c/d_p = 5.0, and approaches 70% when the pile spacing reaches D_c/d_p = 2.0.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.237-251
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of the proposed hybrid teaching-learning based optimization algorithm on the optimum design of reinforced concrete (RC) cantilever retaining walls. For this purpose, three different design examples are optimized with 100 independent runs considering continuous and discrete variables. In order to determine the algorithm performance, the optimization results were compared with the outcomes of the nine powerful meta-heuristic algorithms applied to this problem, previously: the big bang-big crunch (BB-BC), the biogeography based optimization (BBO), the flower pollination (FPA), the grey wolf optimization (GWO), the harmony search (HS), the particle swarm optimization (PSO), the teaching-learning based optimization (TLBO), the jaya (JA), and Rao-3 algorithms. Moreover, Rao-1 and Rao-2 algorithms are applied to this design problem for the first time. The objective function is defined as minimizing the total material and labor costs including concrete, steel, and formwork per unit length of the cantilever retaining walls subjected to the requirements of the American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-05). Furthermore, the effects of peak ground acceleration value on minimum total cost is investigated using various stem height, surcharge loads, and backfill slope angle. Finally, the most robust results were obtained by HTLBO with 50 populations. Consequently the optimization results show that, depending on the increase in PGA value, the optimum cost of RC cantilever retaining walls increases smoothly with the stem height but increases rapidly with the surcharge loads and backfill slope angle.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.422-426
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• 2003

Model soil tank tests were conducted in sandy soil to investigate the effect of surcharge strip loads on vertical stress distribution in soil. A total number of 6 tests were performed using one loading plate and two relative density(55%, 65%). The soil was considered as an elastic material, while no friction was allowed between the wall and the soil. Measured stress values were compared to predictions defined by Frohlich, Boussinesq and Westergaard. The comparison of measured values and predictions used the ratio between the soil pressure and load value. Results of this study demonstrated that experimental values were generally larger than predictions. The Frohlich analysis provided the best prediction, while the Boussinesq analysis and Westergaard theory not presented a satisfactional result.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.41-47
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 보강토옹벽 상부에 재하된 상재하중 및 보강재 종류의 변화에 따른 토목섬유 보강토옹벽의 벽체 변위 특성을 평가하기 위하여 일련의 모형실험을 수행하였다. 모형 보강토옹벽은 높이${\times}$길이${\times}$폭이 $100cm{\times}140cm{\times}100cm$인 모형토조 내에 축조하였다. 모형 보강토옹벽 축조시 뒤채움흙으로는 통일분류법상 SM으로 분류될 수 있는 화강풍화토를 사용하였고, 보강재로는 인장강도 특성이 다른 3종류의 토목섬유(지오네트 한 종류 및 지오그리드 두 종류)를 사용하여 총 7종류의 모형 보강토옹벽에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 모형 보강토옹벽 축조후 상재하중 재하에 따른 벽체 변위를 LVDT를 이용하여 측정하였다. 모형실험 결과, 토목섬유 보강토옹벽의 최대 수평변위는 벽체 저면에서부터 0.7H지점에서 발생하고, 그 크기는 보강재의 인장강도가 증가할 수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 상재하중이 증가할수록 토목섬유 보강으로 인한 벽체변위의 감소율은 감소하였다.