• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1717-1725
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to compare visual observation and an electronic grazing time method and to evaluate the effects of nutritional plans on intake, grazing behavior and horizontal and vertical locomotion of young bulls in a tropical pasture. Thirty-nine Nellore young bulls with an average body weight of $345{\pm}9.3$ kg kept in pasture were used. The experimental treatments consisted of: restricted: animals kept in a plot with a low mass of forage receiving mineral mixture only; control: animals receiving mineral mixture only; HPHC: a high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC: a high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC: a low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; LPLC: a low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. GPS collars equipped with activity sensors were used. Information about head position, latitude, longitude and altitude were recorded. Daytime grazing behavioral patterns monitored by a continuous focal animal recording method was compared to behavior estimated by the activity sensor. Feed intake was estimated by a marker method. The Restricted group presented lower (p<0.05) intake of dry matter and TDN. However, difference in dry matter intake was not found (p>0.05) between non-supplemented and supplemented animals. Difference was not found (p>0.05) in daytime grazing time obtained by visual observation or the activity sensor method. The restricted group showed longer (p<0.05) grazing time (9.58 h/d) than other groups, but difference was not found (p>0.05) in the grazing time between Control (8.35 h/d) and supplemented animals (8.03 h/d). The Restricted group presented lower (p<0.05) horizontal locomotion distance (2,168 m/d) in comparison to other groups (2,580.6 m/d). It can be concluded that the use of activity sensor methods can be recommended due to their being similar to visual observation and able to record 24-h/d. While supplements with high carbohydrates reduce pasture intake, they do not change grazing behavior. Moderate supplementation (until 50% of protein requirement and 30% of energy requirement) of beef cattle on tropical pasture has no effect on daily locomotion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.493-499
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to find the way to prolong the storage time of sawdust-based oyster mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) spent substrate (OMSS) by fermenting with potential probiotic microorganisms to recycle the otherwise waste of mushroom farms. To this purpose, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened to select the best lactic acid-producing strains. Three strains of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum Lp1', Pediococcus acidilacticii Pa193, L. plantarum Lp2M) were selected and in mixture they lowered the pH of the fermented OMSS to 3.81. fOMSS (fermented sawdust-based oyster mushroom spent substrate) could be stored at room temperature for at least 17 days without any deterioration of feed quality based on the pH, smell, and color. In dry matter disappearance rate in situ, commercial TMR (total mixed ration), OMSS and OMMM (oyster mushroom mycelium mass) showed no significant differences between the samples after 6, 12 and 24 h incubation except for 48 h. Two separate field studies were performed to test the effects of fOMSS supplement on the growth performance of postweaning Holstein calves. Field trials included groups of animals feeding calf starter supplemented with: Control (no supplement), AB (colistin 0.08% and oxyneo 110/110 0.1%), fOMSS (10% fOMSS) and fConc (10% fermented concentrate) and DFM (direct-fed microbials, average $10^9$ cfu for each of three LAB/d/head). Growth performance (average daily gain and feed efficiency) of the fOMSS supplement group was higher than that of AB followed by fConc and DFM even though there was no statistically significant difference. The Control group was lower than any other group. Various hematological values including IgG, IgA, RBC (red blood cell), hemoglobin, and hematocrit were measured every 10 days to check any unusual abnormality for all groups in trial I and II, and they were within a normal and safe range. Our results suggest that sawdust-based OMSS could be recycled after fermentation with three probiotic LAB strains as a feed supplement for post-weaning calves, and fOMSS has the beneficial effects of an alternative to antibiotics for a growth enhancer in dairy calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1710-1718
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplements with different crude protein (CP) contents on grazing cattle intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern, and nitrogen (N) metabolism characteristics during the rainy season. Five ruminal and abomasal cannulated Holstein${\times}$Zebu steers (296 kg body weight, BW) were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. The animals grazed five signal grass paddocks (0.34 ha). The five treatments evaluated were: Control (no supplement) and 1.0 g of supplement/kg BW with 0, 330, 660, and 1,000 g of CP/kg as-fed. The supplement was composed of starch, soybean meal, urea, and ammonium sulphate. There was a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.033$) of the CP content in the supplements on the organic matter (OM), CP, and digested OM intakes. The provision of supplements did not increase ($p{\geq}0.158$), on average, total and ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. However, the increase in CP content in the supplements caused a positive linear effect ($p{\leq}0.018$) on ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. Additionally, a quadratic effect of the CP contents of the supplements were observed (p = 0.041) for the ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, with the highest estimate obtained with the CP content of 670 g/kg. The supply of supplements increased (p<0.001) the ruminal ammonia N concentration, which also changed linearly and positively (p<0.001) according to increase in CP content in the supplements. The apparent N balance and relative N balance (g/g N intake) were not, on average, changed ($p{\geq}0.164$) by the supplements supply. However, both showed a tendency of a linear increase ($p{\leq}0.099$) with increasing supplement CP content. The supplements increased (p = 0.007) microbial N production in the rumen, which also changed linearly and positively (p = 0.016) with increasing supplement CP content. In conclusion, protein supplementation in grazing cattle during the rainy season, while stimulating voluntary forage intake, results in higher efficiency of N utilization when compared to energy supplementation. This is a possible response to increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and improved N status in the animal body.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.487-493
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• 2012

홍국고구마가 고지방식이를 섭취한 흰쥐의 배변량 및 지질대사 개선에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 SD계 수컷 흰쥐를 대상으로 실험 1기(6주)에 고지방식이를 급여하고, 실험 2기(4주)에 3종의 고구마분말(일반, 홍국, 자색)을 5% 첨가한 식이를 급여했을 때, 배변량은 홍국고구마군(RYSP)이 고지방대조군(CON)에 비해 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.05), 장 통과시간 역시 RYSP군이 가장 짧았다. 분변 중 총콜레스테롤(TC) 함량은 일반고구마군(WFSP)과 홍국고구마군(RYSP)이 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 그중에서도 RYSP군이 더 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 중성지방(TG) 농도는 RYSP군이 WFSP군과 PFSP(자색고구마)군에 비해 각각 9%, 26% 더 높았으나 유의성은 없었다. 반면 1일 총 지질배설량은 TC와 TG 모두 RYSP군이 CON군과 PFSP군에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 혈청 중 TC 농도는 RYSP군이 CON군에 비해 유의적 차이 없이 20% 감소하였고, LDL-C 농도는 RYSP, PFSP군이 CON군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았으며(p<0.05), TG 농도는 RYSP군이 실험군중 가장 낮았고 이는 WFSP군과 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 홍국고구마 식이는 배변량을 증가시키고, 분변 중 지질 배설량을 다소 증가시키며, 혈청 지질 농도의 감소 효과를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.371-378
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• 2014

본 연구는 비타민 또는 무기질 보충제 복용과 칼슘 및 인의 섭취에 따른 유치의 우식 발생과의 연관성을 파악하고자, 제4기 국민건강영양조사 자료에서 만 3~6세 아동 1,139명을 대상자로 선정하여 성별과 연령에 따른 우식경험 유치지수를 조사하여 비타민 또는 무기질 복용 여부와 칼슘과 인의 섭취 정도, 기타 사회경제적요인 및 구강관리 행동요인에 대한 통계분석을 수행하였다. 1. 연령이 증가할수록 우식경험 유치지수가 증가하였다. 2. 칼슘 섭취에 대해서는 성별에 따라 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 인 섭취는 3세 아동에서 성별에 따른 차이가 나타났다. 3. 만 4세 아동의 우식경험 유치지수는 비타민 및 무기질보충제를 복용하는 경우가 비복용자보다 1.206개 적었다. 이상의 단면연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 칼슘과 인, 비타민 및 무기질과 같은 영양섭취가 유치의 치아우식증에 영향을 줄 수 있는 주요한 요인임을 확인할 수는 없었으나. 비타민 및 무기질 보충제를 섭취하는 만 4세의 아동은 유의하게 낮은 우식경험 유치지수를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-34
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• 1979

Our nation is confronted with the situation that the rice, a principal food, short of some essential amino acids, leads to imbalanced meals insufficient in the nutrient of Protein, to bring many difficulties in the elevation of nutritional state in our nation. While. our country has been produced much amounts of Panax Ginseng roots which has a stimulating effects on the metabolism of protein, lipid and nucleic acids in the body. And the leaf and trunk of Panax Ginseng were also produced a considerable amounts as the by-products. Author believe that these by-products (leaf and trunk) of Panax Ginseng might have some components possessing simillar activity with Panax Ginseng root although the quantity and qualify of the functional components may more or less be different. Therefore, this study was demised to observe the supplemental effect of the Panax Ginseng-by-Products on the dietary protein efficiency and nutritional state of rats. The feeds used for this experiment were rice containing 30% barely, fish four, and the leaf, trunk and small root of the Panax Ginseng, and the contents of the general nutrients including protein, lipid and carbohydrate etc. in each feed were analyzed for the combination of each feed. And, being based on analytical values of Protein in food. fish Pour as Protein source was added were rice containing 30% barely to be include 8.6 to 8.7%, 12%, 15% and 18% of protein. Then 2% of the leaf, trunk or small reef of Panax Ginseng was supplemented into each of above protein diet group, ton 16 kinds of diets were Prepared. The male albino rats from a Pure strain, weighing 70g to 80g. were used for experimental animals. They were maintained with coresponding fist for f and 8 weeks, and the growth rate, consumption of diets and protein, efficiency of feed and Protein in animals were determined. The lipids, proteins and cholesterols in serum and liver were also determined quantitatively after they were sacrificed in coresponding term. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Body weigh of diet group containing 8.6 to 8.7%,12%, and 15% of protein are increased remarkably by supplement of 2% of the leaf or small root of Panax Ginseng in comparison with each of controls. But this tendency could not observed in diet group containing 18eA Proteins. 2. Feed efficiency showed same tendency in comparison with changes of gained body weight. Specially, in each of diets containing 8.7%, 12%, 15% and 18% of Proteins, supplement of the leaf of Panax Ginseng showed the better feed efficiency than supplement of the trunk or small root. 3. In feeding group for 8 weeks, protein efficiency showed worst efficiency in diet containing 18% proteins and showed the best efficiency was the diet group containing 12% Proteins. And the efficiency was improved according to supplement of the leaf of Panax Ginseng. 4. Nitrogen contents in serum and liver did not show large differences each other in all diet groups. But contexts of total cholesterol and 1ipid were decreased markedly in diet groups containing 12%, 15% and 18% of proteins in comparison with diet group containing 8.6% to 8.8% of proteins.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1090-1096
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• 2006

본 연구는 인체를 대상으로 목질진흙버섯과 동충하초 투여 후 운동과 회복 중 피로유발 지연과 항산화 방어 효과를 규명하는데 목적이 있었으며, 남자 대학생 15명을 대상으로 목질 진흙버섯 투여군(PL), 동충하초 투여군(CM), 그리고 위약 투여군(PB) 등 세 그룹으로 나누어 6주간 해당음료 100ml/day을 구강으로 투여하였고, 투여 전과 후 운동수행에 따른 차이를 비교하였다. 분석결과 운동수행시간에는 차이가 없었지만, 운동수행에 따른 PL군과 CM군의 피로물질 축적이 부분적으로 감소됨을 보였으며, 지질과산화 생성량은 감소되었고, 항산화효소 활성은 향상됨을 나타냈다. 따라서, 목질진흙버섯과 동충하초는 임상치료 목적의 약리작용 뿐만 아니라, 운동 시 에너지 동원과 피로물질 제거, 그리고 조직의 항산화 방어 역량 향상에 효과가 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2007

본 연구는 다시마의 활성성분을 열수추출하고, 그 추출물을 제 2형 당뇨병 환자에게 섭취시킴으로서 그들의 혈당, 혈중지질 및 항산화 체계 개선에 있어서 다시마추출물의 효능을 과학적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 다시마를 열수추출하고 동결건조한 후 캡슐화하여 1.4 g을 350 mg씩 4캡슐로 나누어, 아침과 저녁 식후에 2캡슐씩 제 2형 당뇨환자에게 12주간 섭취 시켰다. 위약군은 동량의 cellulose를 실험군과 동일하게 제조한 후 같은 방법으로 섭취하게 하였고 이중맹검법을 사용하였다. 섭취 전후 일반사항 및 식이섭취조사, 신체계측을 실시하였고, 혈액을 채취하여 혈당, 당화혈색소, 혈청지질, 지질과산화물 및 항산화 효소의 변화와 독성검사인 간 및 신장 기능의 변화를 측정하였다. 최종 연구는 총 37명으로 실험군 17명, 대조군 20명으로 양군간의 baseline 특성은 유의적 차이가 없었다. 다시마추출물 섭취군에서 공복혈당은 12주간 섭취 후 $156.0{\pm}15.2mg/dL$에서 $155.8{\pm}14.2mg/dL$로 나타났고, 당화혈색소 역시 $6.74{\pm}0.66%$에서 $6.65{\pm}0.64%$으로 유의적으로 감소하지 않았다. 다시마추출물의 섭취가 12주간 이루어지면서 총콜레스테롤은 $177.0{\pm}16.5mg/dL$에서 $168.6{\pm}15.0mg/dL$로 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 감소한 반면에, 위약군의 경우 $175.8{\pm}17.4mg/dL$에서 $179.8{\pm}19.9$로 변화되었다. 또한 다시마추출물 섭취군의 LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지방의 변화에서도 섭취 전에 비해 섭취 후 유의적 (p<0.05) 감소를 나타내었으며, 특히 LDL-콜레스테롤의 농도를 고농도군, 정상군, 저농도군으로 분류시 LDL-콜레스테롤 농도가 높은 환자일수록 감소의 폭이 큼을 알 수 있었다. 지질과산물 농도의 변화를 보면 다시마추출물 섭취군은 $1.58{\pm}0.88nmol$에서 $1.13{\pm}0.03nmol$로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소되었고, GSH-px활성도 위약군에 비해 다시마추출물 섭취군은 $13.98{\pm}0.66I.U/mg$ protein에서 $14.58{\pm}0.22I.U/mg$ protein로 활성도가 약간 상승하였다. SOD 활성은 실험군($1.18{\pm}0.22$ vs. $1.28{\pm}0.18unit/mg$ protein)에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였으며, 간 및 신장 기능 검사에서도 실험 전후 모든 군이 정상범위를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구는 당뇨병 환자들의 혈청지질 및 혈액 항산화 효소계에 도움을 줄 수 있는 안전한 보조제로서 다시마추출물의 사용 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.480-489
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• 2020

Objective: Sow milk (SM) may not be able to meet the piglet's nutritional needs in late lactation. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of early commercial milk (CM) supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of piglets. Methods: Ten litters of newborn piglets ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 litters. The piglets in the control group were suckled by the sow (SM), while the piglets in the treatment group (CM supplement) were supplemented with a CM supplement along with suckling from d 4 to d 28 of age. Results: No significant differences were observed about jejunal mucosal morphology on d 28 and d 35 between two groups. On d 28, the activity of lactase in the jejunum was significantly decreased in the CM group, while the activity of sucrase and the ratio of maltase to lactase were significantly increased (p<0.05). On d 35, the activity of maltase in the jejunum was significantly increased in the CM group (p<0.05), and maltase to lactase ratio tended to increase in the CM group (p = 0.065). In addition, piglets in the CM group had a higher abundance of Clostridium XI, Tuicibater, and Moraxella in the jejunum on d 28, while the abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly increased on d 35 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The early CM supplement improved the maturation of the jejunum to some extent by enhancing the maltase and sucrase activities. Moreover, the early CM supplement could help maintain the homeostasis of internal environment in jejunum by increasing the microbial-derived metabolites.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.7-10
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• 1976