• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.71-86
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Gardenia jasminoides for. grandiflora extracts' (GAJ) anti-inflammatory effect on RBL-2H3 mast cells and OVA/alum-sensitized mice. Methods In this study, IL-4 and IL-13 production was measured via ELISA analysis, and mRNA expressions of GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 were analyzed by real-time PCR. In addition, MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors were examined using western blotting, and ELISA was used to understand IgE, IL-4, and IL-13 production in ovalbumin-allergic mice in in vitro study. Results As a result of this study, 1. GAJ were observed to suppress the mRNA expression of GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 in comparison to PMA 50 ng/ml, ionomycin $0.5{\mu}M$ (PI) control group. 2. GAJ also inhibited the IL-4, IL-13 production in comparison to PI control group. 3. Western blot analysis showed decrease on the expression of mast-cell-specific transcription factors, including MAKPs (ERK, JNK, p38) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65. 4. Orally-administered GAJ group in OVA/alum induced Balb/c mice showed decreased level of OVA-specific IgE in the serum. This group also has shown decreased the level of IL-4, IL-13 in the splenocyte culture supernatant. Conclusions Obtained results suggest that GAJ may regulate the allergic inflammation by transcription factors MAKPs (ERK, JNK, p38) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 causing inhibition of Th2 cytokines in mast cells and OVA/alum-sensitized mice.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.354-361
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• 2018

This study was carried out to isolate soil bacteria with antimicrobial activity and evaluate antimicrobial substances produced by isolated bacteria. Among many isolates Bacillus subtilis DS660 and Paenibacillus polymyxa DS842 showed high antimicrobial activities against 6 species of microbial residents on human skin and 3 species of pathogenic bacteria. DS660 and DS842 showed 15.3~26.8 and 11.3~27.5 mm of inhibition zone diameter, respectively on nutrient agar medium against most target bacteria and fungi. DS660 and DS842 produced $57{\pm}8$ and $170{\pm}15{\mu}mol/ml$ of siderophore, respectively as an antimicrobial substance. Analysis of ethyl acetate extract of culture supernatants of DS660 and DS842 suggested production of glycolipid biosurfactant which reduced surface tension of culture supernatant of DS660 and DS842 from 60.0 to 40.3 and 30.3 mN/m, respectively. DS660 and DS842 also showed $169.2{\pm}9.9$ and $357.2{\pm}13.7nmol/min/mg$ protein of ${\beta}-1,3$-glucanase activity, respectively, and hydrolyzed cell wall components of 3 bacterial species. These results suggest that B. subtilis DS660 and P. polymyxa DS842 may be utilized as an environment-friendly biocontrol agent against some skin microbes and pathogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.297-306
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• 2020

The aims of the present study were to confirm that regulation of the PA and environment via TGF-β regulation of sperm by Percoll-separated in porcine uterine epithelial cells. And, it was performed to identify the cytokines (TGF-β1, 2 and 3, TGF-β receptor1 and 2; interleukin, IL-6, IL-8) and PA-related genes (urokinase-PA, uPA; tissue-PA, tPA; PA inhibitor, PAI; uPA-receptor, uPAR) by spermatozoa. The experiment used porcine uterus epithelial cells (pUECs) and uterine tissue epithelial cells, Boar sperm were separated by discontinuous Percoll density gradient (45/90%), and tissues were co-incubated with spermatozoa, followed by real-time PCR. PA activity was measured of sperm by discontinuous Percoll density gradient (45/90%) for 24 hours. To measure viability and acrosome damage of sperm double stained propidium iodide (PI) and SYBR-14 or FITC-PNA were used. In results, binding ratio of Percoll-separated sperm was found no differences, but sperms isolated from 90% Percoll layer reduced PA activity (p < 0.05). when co-cultured sperm selected Percoll in porcine uterus tissues epithelial cells, 90% layer sperm increased TGF-β R1, contrastively tPA and PAI-1 in comparison with control (p < 0.05). 45% sperm was decreased the expression of uPA (p < 0.05). TGF-β decreased PA activity in the supernatant collected from pUECs (p < 0.05). Especially, The group including uPA, PAI-1 were induce sperm intact, while it was reduced in sperm damage when compared to control (p < 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference group of tPA and tPA+I in the dead sperm and acrosome damage compared to control. The expression of tPA and PAI showed a common response. Percoll-separated spermatozoa in 90% layer reduced tPA and IL-related gene mRNA expression. Thus, Percoll-sparated sperm in 90% layer show that it can suppress inflammation through increased expression of TGF-β and downregulation of PA and IL in epithelial cells compared to 45% layer Percoll.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.595-602
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• 2021

Human intestinal microbiota play an important role in the regulation of the host's metabolism. There is a close pathological and physiological interaction between dysbiosis of the intestinal microflora and obesity and metabolic syndrome. Akkermansia muciniphila, which was recently isolated from human feces, accounts for about 1-4% of the intestinal microbiota population. The use of A. muciniphila- derived external membrane protein Amuc_1100 and extracellular vesicles (EVs) could be a new strategy for the treatment of obesity. A. muciniphila is considered a next-generation probiotic (NGP) for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii accounts for about 5% of the intestinal microbiota population in healthy adults and is an indicator of gut health. F. prausnitzii is a butyrate-producing bacterium, with anti-inflammatory effects, and is considered an NGP for the treatment of immune diseases and diabetes. Postbiotics are complex mixtures of metabolites contained in the cell supernatant secreted by probiotics. Parabiotics are microbial cells in which probiotics are inactivated. Paraprobiotics and postbiotics have many advantages over probiotics, such as clear chemical structures, safe dose parameters, and a long shelf life. Thus, they have the potential to replace probiotics. The most natural strategy to restore the imbalance of the intestinal ecosystem normally is to use NGPs among commensal bacteria in the gut. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new foods or drugs such as parabiotics and postbiotics using NGPs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.203-208
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• 2022

Gluten is an insoluble protein present in cereals such as wheat. Gluten consumed through food is not digested and accumulates in the body; this has been linked to digestive discomfort, irritation, and various digestive disorders, including intestinal inflammation. In this study, the Lactobacillus paracasei strain GLU70, which exhibits a glutendegrading ability, was isolated from salted seafood. At a pH of 3.0, GLU70 showed a survival rate of approximately 84%, and at 0.3% oxgall, it showed a survival rate of approximately 53%. When the culture supernatant collected after 12 h of incubation was added to flour dough, approximately 50% gluten degradation was observed. Moreover, among several probiotic isolates exhibiting proteolytic activity selected to assess the gluten-degrading ability, GLU70 showed superior results regardless of the dough fermentation temperature. Although further research is required, GLU70 is expected to be of value in manufacturing gluten-reduced products and the food industry as an ingredient or additive.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.491-500
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• 2022

HK shiitake mushroom mycelium (HKSMM), containing 14% β-glucan, is a health functional food ingredient individually approved by the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety for liver health. The anti-inflammatory effect of a 50% aqueous ethanol extract of HKSMM (designated HKSMM50) was studied in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) was used as a positive control. LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with HKSMM50 and AHCC (0, 20, 100, 500 ㎍/ml) and cultured for 24 hr. Inflammation-related elements in the supernatant were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in the cells was analyzed by Western blotting. The HKSMM50 lowered iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) contents in a concentration-dependent manner as compared to LPS treatment. Similarly, the HKSMM50 lowered the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) contents and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The efficacy of the AHCC treatment was similar to that of the HKSSM50 treatments. These results indicate that HKSMM50 showed an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells by down-regulation of NF-κB signaling and suggest that HKSMM could be used as a health functional food ingredient to help improve immune function.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.27-35
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• 2004

Recalcitrant 4-t-Octylphenol used as a surfactant was subjected to the biodegradation with wood rot fungi, Basidioradulum molare and Schizopora paradoxa. Two fungi were grown in the culture medium containing various concentrations of 4-t-Octylphenol in order to investigate their resistance against 4-t-octylphenol Schizopora paradoxa was reached to the full growth within 14 incubation days in the concentration of more than 200 ppm of 4-t-Octylphenol, while Basidioradulum molare showed the inhibitory mycelium growth as the concentration was increased Schizopora paradoxa and Basidioradulum molare biodegraded 95% and 36% of initial concentration of 4-t-Octylphenol at first incubation day, respectively. However, the biodegradation capability reached to more than 95% after 3 incubation days. During the biodegradation of 4-t-Octylphenol, the activity of manganese dependent peroxidase was induced by the addition of 4-t-Octylphenol in the culture medium of Schizopora paradoxa, but that of laccase was maximal before the addition. The reduction of estrogenecity was assayed by MCF-7 cell proliferation test and measurement of pS2 mRNA expression. The level of pS2 mRNA was decreased down to the level of baseline at first incubation day. Also, estrogenecity of 4-t-Ocrylphenol completely disappeared after treatment with supernatant by Schizopora paradoxa and Basidioradulum molare from first incubation day of culture down to the levels of vehicle.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.93-102
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• 2022

This study was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) to elucidate fermentation conditions that will optimize ACE inhibitory activity using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K79. Four independent variables [skim milk (with 1% added glucose) concentration (6%-14%), incubation temperature (32℃-42℃), incubation time (8-24 h), and amount of added starter (0.02%-0.2%)] were evaluated using five-level central composite design and response surface methodology to determine the optimum fermentation condition. The dependent variables were angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (the value obtained from 102 diluted supernatant), and pH. The respective coefficients of determinations (R²) were 0.791 and 0.905 for ACE inhibitory activity and pH. The maximum ACE inhibitory activity was 90% under the following conditions: 10% skim milk (with 1% added glucose) concentration, 37℃ incubation temperature, 17.8 h incubation time, and 0.2% added starter. Based on the RSM, using predicted best ACE conditions for fermentation of 13.49% skim milk (with 1% added glucose) with 0.0578% starter at 33.4℃ for 21.5 h, the predicted ACE inhibitory activity and pH values were 86.69% and 4.6, respectively. Actual ACE inhibitory activity and pH values were 85.5% and 4.58, respectively

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial activity of extracts from shiitake mushroom against periodontopathogens and its cytotoxicity for human gingival fibroblast. Materials and Methods: Shiitake mushroom was soaked in water and acetone, and the supernatant was dried to collect its extract. The susceptibility of periodontopathogens for the extracts was investigated. Human gingival fibroblast was treated with the extracts, and the cell viability was measured CCK-8 solution. Results: The water extract from shiitake mushroom significantly reduced the growth of periodontopathogens at 2.5 mg/ml (P < 0.05). The acetone extract significantly inhibited the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia at 0.32 mg/ml and Treponema denticola growth at 0.64 mg/ml (P < 0.05). The cytotoxicity of the extract was shown at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. The extracts with a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml appeared to be reduce cell viability after 4 h. Conclusion: The extracts of shiitake mushroom have antimicrobial activity against periodontitis-causing bacteria and relieving inflammation. Therefore, the extracts may be a candidate for preventing and treating periodontal disease.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.204-211
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• 2023

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and palatability-enhancing effects of the alcohol precipitate, in the enzymatic extracts of Sargassum confusum C. Agardh (SC), obsained using the crude enzyme of Shewanella oneidensis PKA 1008. We analyzed the oligosaccharides recovered from the alcohol precipitate using a thin-layer chromatography for SC-degrading extracts, pH, color, reducing sugar, and viscosity. Thin-layer chromatography showed that after treating with the crude enzyme for 60 h, the polysaccharides were degraded into tetramers, dimers, and trimers and pH increased in the alcohol precipitate (EtOH Sedi). In terms of color, the redness and yellowness of alcohol precipitate/supernatant (EtOH Sedi+Super) and the brightness of EtOH Sedi were the highest among enzyme treated for 0 h and 60 h, EtOH Sedi, and EtOH Sedi+Super. In the reducing sugar analysis, EtOH Sedi showed the lowest value of 13.63 ㎍/mL, and the lowest viscosity of 1.13. In terms of the sensory evaluation, EtOH Sedi+Super showed the highest value with respect to the overall preference. These results suggest that the crude enzyme of S. oneidensis PKA 1008 is effective at degrading polysaccharides, and its recovery increases the palatability of the alcohol precipitate.