• Title/Summary/Keyword: Sun Ginseng

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Antidepressant Effect of the Subchronic Administration of the Methanolic Extract of Wild-ginseng and Cultivated-ginseng in Mice Tail Suspension Test (산삼과 인삼 메탄올 추출물 아만성 복용의 Mice Tail Suspension Test에서의 항우울 효과에 대한 비교연구)

  • Kwon, Sun-Oh;Choi, Soo-Min;Kim, Myung-Hwan;Lee, Bom-Bi;Park, Moo-Won;Lee, Hye-Jung;Park, Hi-Joon;Hahm, Dae-Hyun
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2009
  • Objectives : The antidepressant effect of the subchronic administration of the methanolic extract of wild ginseng(WG) was investigated compared with that of cultivated ginseng(CG, panax ginseng) extract. Methods : To assess the antidepressant effect of the ginseng extracts, tail suspension test(TST) was executed in mice after daily administration of WG or CG extract for five consecutive days. Results : The WG extract at daily dose of 600mg/kg significantly reduced the total duration of immobility in the TST, whereas there was no significant reduction at daily dose of 300mg/kg WG and 600mg/kg CG. There were no individual differences between experimental groups in open field test (OFT) to evaluate psychostimulant effects of WG or CG extract. In the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the extracts, it was found that WG included four times more ginsenoside Rg1 and Re, three times more Rf, and six times more Rb1 and Rc than CG. Conclusions : It is suggested that WG extract has stronger antidepressant effect than CG extract, which means it includes more antidepressant compounds than CG.

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Red Ginseng Supplementation More Effectively Alleviates Psychological than Physical Fatigue

  • Choi, Ji-Young;Woo, Tae-Sun;Yoon, Seo-Young;Dela Pena, Ike Campomayor;Choi, Yoon-Jung;Ahn, Hyung-Seok;Lee, Yong-Soo;Yu, Gu-Yong;Cheong, Jae-Hoon
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.331-338
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    • 2011
  • Red ginseng (RG, the extract of Panax ginseng Meyer) has various biological and psychological activities and may also alleviate fatigue-related disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate what kind of fatigue red ginseng alleviate. Animals were orally administered with 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of RG for 7 days. Before experiments were performed. Physiological stress (swimming, rotarod, and wire test) are behavioral parameters used to represent physical fatigue. Restraint stress and electric field test to a certain degree, induce psychological fatigue in animals. Plasma concentration of lactate and corticosterone (CORT) were also measured after these behavioral assays. RG supplementation (100 mg/kg) increased movement duration and rearing frequency of restrainted mice in comparison with control. 100 and 200 mg/kg of RG increased swimming time in cold water ($8{\pm}4^{\circ}C$) while at 100 mg/kg, RG increased electric field crossing over frequencies. 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg RG prolonged running time on the rotarod and at 100 mg/kg, it increased balancing time on the wire. RG at those doses also reduced falling frequencies. RG supplementation decreased plasma CORT levels, which was increased by stress. Lactate levels were not significantly altered. These results suggest that RG supplementation can alleviate more the damages induced by psychological than physical fatigue.

Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Cylindrocarpon destructans Isolates Obtained from Korean Panax ginseng

  • Song, Jeong Young;Seo, Mun Won;Kim, Sun Ick;Nam, Myeong Hyeon;Lim, Hyoun Sub;Kim, Hong Gi
    • Mycobiology
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.174-180
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    • 2014
  • We analyzed the genetic diversity of Cylindrocarpon destructans isolates obtained from Korean ginseng (i.e., Panax ginseng) roots by performing virulence tests and nuclear ribosomal gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (mt SSU) rDNA sequence analysis. The phylogenetic relationship analysis performed using ITS DNA sequences and isolates from other hosts helped confirm that all the Korean C. destructans isolates belonged to Nectria/Neonectria radicicola complex. The results of in vivo and ex vivo virulence tests showed that the C. destructans isolates could be divided into two groups according to their distinctive difference in virulence and the genetic diversity. The highly virulent Korean isolates in pathogenicity group II (PG II), together with foreign isolates from P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius, formed a single group. The weakly virulent isolates in pathogenicity group I, together with the foreign isolates from other host plants, formed another group and exhibited a greater genetic diversity than the isolates of PG II, as confirmed by the mt SSU rDNA sequence analysis. In addition, as the weakly virulent Korean isolates were genetically very similar to the foreign isolates from other hosts, they were likely to originate from hosts other than the ginseng plants.

Systemic and Local Anaphylaxis is Not Induced by Korean Red Ginseng Mixture in Guinea Pigs

  • Hyun, Sun Hee;Kyung, Jong Soo;Song, Yong Bum;So, Seung-Ho;Kim, Young Sook
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.183-189
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    • 2018
  • Currently, injuries to customers due to health functional foods are annually increasing. To evaluate the antigenicity of Korean red ginseng mixture (KRGM), we tested for systemic anaphylactic shock and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Based on a comparison of measured body weights, there were no changes in body weight for the KRGM treatment group compared with the control group. In the ovalbumin treated group, however, there was a statistically significant decrease in body weight. For the active systemic anaphylaxis test, after the induction, there were no symptoms that suggested anaphylactic shock in the control and KRGM treatment group. In the ovalbumin treated group, there were symptoms that suggested severe anaphylaxis, and those symptoms included restlessness, piloerection, tremor, rubbing or licking the nose, sneezing, coughing, hyperpnea, dyspnea, staggering gait, jumping, gasping and writhing, convulsion, side position and Cheyne-stokes respiration. All animals died within thirty minutes in the ovalbumin treated group. For the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in guinea pigs sensitized to KRGM, each anti-serum was diluted in a stepwise manner. This was followed by an intravenous injection of a mixture of KRGM and Evans blue. The results of the test showed that all the responses were negative in the control and the low-dose and high-dose administration groups. However, in the ovalbumin treated group, all the responses were positive. Based on the above results, there were no anaphylactic responses for up to 12 times the amount of human intake of KRGM in Hartley Guinea-pigs. The results suggest that KRGM is safe as measured by the systemic and local antigenicity in guinea pigs.

Plant regeneration of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) mutant lines induced by ${\gamma}$-irradiation ($^{60}Co$) of adventitious roots

  • Zhang, Jun-Ying;Sun, Hyeon-Jin;Song, In-Ja;Bae, Tae-Woong;Kang, Hong-Gyu;Ko, Suk-Min;Kwon, Yong-Ik;Kim, Il-Woung;Lee, Jaechun;Park, Shin-Young;Lim, Pyung-Ok;Kim, Yong Hwan;Lee, Hyo-Yeon
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.220-225
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    • 2014
  • An efficient in vitro protocol has been established for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet conversion of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Wild-type and mutant adventitious roots derived from the ginseng produced calluses on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.3 mg/L kinetin; 53.3% of the explants formed callus. Embryogenic callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction occurred on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The induced somatic embryos further developed to maturity on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid, and 85% of them germinated. The germinated embryos were developed to shoots and elongated on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid. The shoots developed into plants with well-developed taproots on one-third strength Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. When the plants were transferred to soil, about 30% of the regenerated plants developed into normal plants.

Inhibitory mechanism of Korean Red Ginseng on GM-CSF expression in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes

  • Chung, Ira;Lee, Jieun;Park, Young Sun;Lim, Yeji;Chang, Do Hyeon;Park, Jongil;Hwang, Jae Sung
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.39 no.4
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    • pp.322-330
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    • 2015
  • Background: UV-irradiated keratinocytes secrete various proinflammatory cytokines. UV-induced skin damage is mediated by growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines such as granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In a previous study, we found that the saponin of Korean Red Ginseng (SKRG) decreased the expression of GM-CSF in UVB-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes. In this study, we attempted to find the inhibitory mechanism of SKRG on UVB-induced GM-CSF expression in SP-1 keratinocytes. Methods: We investigated the inhibitory mechanism of SKRG and ginsenosides from Panax ginseng on UVB-induced GM-CSF expression in SP-1 keratinocytes. Results: Treatment with SKRG decreased the expression of GM-CSF mRNA and protein induced by irradiation of UVB in SP-1 keratinocytes. The phosphorylation of ERK was induced by UVB at 10 min, and decreased with SKRG treatment in SP-1 keratinocytes. In addition, treatment with SKRG inhibited the UVB-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is known to be an upstream signal of ERK. From these results, we found that the inhibition of GM-CSF expression by SKRG was derived from the decreased phosphorylation of EGFR. To identify the specific compound composing SKRG, we tested fifteen kinds of ginsenosides. Among these compounds, ginsenoside-Rh3 decreased the expression of GM-CSF protein and mRNA in SP-1 keratinocytes. Conclusion: Taken together, we found that treatment with SKRG decreased the phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK in UVB-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes and subsequently inhibited the expression of GM-CSF. Furthermore, we identified ginsenoside-Rh3 as the active saponin in Korean Red Ginseng.

The Effect of Red Ginseng Extract on Inflammatory Cytokines after Chemotherapy in Children

  • Lee, Jae-Min;Hah, Jeong-Ok;Kim, Hee-Sun
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.383-390
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    • 2012
  • Ginseng has been used as an herbal medicine, widely used in Asian countries, for long time. Recently, beneficial effects for immune functions of Korean red ginseng (KRG) have been reported in adults. This study was performed to investigate the effects of ginseng on immune functions in children after cessation of chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation for advanced cancer. Thirty patients, who were diagnosed and treated for leukemia and solid cancer at the department of pediatrics and adolescence of the Yeungnam University Hospital from June 2004 to June 2009, were enrolled for the study. The study group consisted of 19 patients who received KRG extract (60 mg/kg/d) for 1 yr and 11 patients who did not receive KRG extract were the control group. Blood samples were collected every 6 mo. Immune assays included circulating lymphocyte subpopulation, serum cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma), and total concentrations of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM subclasses. Age at diagnosis ranged from 2 mo to 15 yr (median 5 yr). Nine patients received stem cell transplantation. The cytokines of the KRG treated group were decreasing more rapidly than that of the control group. Lymphocyte subpopulations (T cell, B cell, NK cell, T4, T8, and T4/T8 ratio) and serum immunoglobulin subclasses (IgG, IgA, and IgM) did not show significant differences between the study and the control groups. This study suggests that KRG extract might have a stabilizing effect on the inflammatory cytokines in children with cancer after chemotherapy.

Korean Red Ginseng exerts anti-inflammatory and autophagy-promoting activities in aged mice

  • Kim, Jin Kyeong;Shin, Kon Kuk;Kim, Haeyeop;Hong, Yo Han;Choi, Wooram;Kwak, Yi-Seong;Han, Chang-Kyun;Hyun, Sun Hee;Cho, Jae Youl
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.717-725
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    • 2021
  • Background: Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a traditional herb that has several beneficial properties including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and autophagy regulatory effects. However, the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. In this report, the underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and autophagy-promoting effects were investigated in aged mice treated with KRG-water extract (WE) over a long period. Methods: The mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and autophagy-promoting activities of KRG-WE were evaluated in kidney, lung, liver, stomach, and colon of aged mice using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blot analysis. Results: KRG-WE significantly suppressed the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-6 in kidney, lung, liver, stomach, and colon of the aged mice. Furthermore, KRG-WE downregulated the expression of transcription factors and their protein levels associated with inflammation in lung and kidney of aged mice. KRG-WE also increased the expression of autophagy-related genes and their protein levels in colon, liver, and stomach. Conclusion: The results suggest that KRG can suppress inflammatory responses and recover autophagy activity in aged mice.

Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of Panax ginseng leaves upon exposure to heat stress

  • Kim, So Wun;Gupta, Ravi;Min, Cheol Woo;Lee, Seo Hyun;Cheon, Ye Eun;Meng, Qing Feng;Jang, Jeong Woo;Hong, Chi Eun;Lee, Ji Yoon;Jo, Ick Hyun;Kim, Sun Tae
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.143-153
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    • 2019
  • Background: Ginseng is one of the well-known medicinal plants, exhibiting diverse medicinal effects. Its roots possess anticancer and antiaging properties and are being used in the medical systems of East Asian countries. It is grown in low-light and low-temperature conditions, and its growth is strongly inhibited at temperatures above $25^{\circ}C$. However, the molecular responses of ginseng to heat stress are currently poorly understood, especially at the protein level. Methods: We used a shotgun proteomics approach to investigate the effect of heat stress on ginseng leaves. We monitored their photosynthetic efficiency to confirm physiological responses to a high-temperature stress. Results: The results showed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency on heat treatment ($35^{\circ}C$) starting at 48 h. Label-free quantitative proteome analysis led to the identification of 3,332 proteins, of which 847 were differentially modulated in response to heat stress. The MapMan analysis showed that the proteins with increased abundance were mainly associated with antioxidant and translation-regulating activities, whereas the proteins related to the receptor and structural-binding activities exhibited decreased abundance. Several other proteins including chaperones, G-proteins, calcium-signaling proteins, transcription factors, and transfer/carrier proteins were specifically downregulated. Conclusion: These results increase our understanding of heat stress responses in the leaves of ginseng at the protein level, for the first time providing a resource for the scientific community.

Differentiation and identification of ginsenoside structural isomers by two-dimensional mass spectrometry combined with statistical analysis

  • Xiu, Yang;Ma, Li;Zhao, Huanxi;Sun, Xiuli;Li, Xue;Liu, Shuying
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.368-376
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    • 2019
  • Background: In the current phytochemical research on ginseng, the differentiation and structural identification of ginsenosides isomers remain challenging. In this paper, a two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2D-MS) method was developed and combined with statistical analysis for the direct differentiation, identification, and relative quantification of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside isomers. Methods: Collision-induced dissociation was performed at successive collision energy values to produce distinct profiles of the intensity fraction (IF) and ratio of intensity (RI) of the fragment ions. To amplify the differences in tandem mass spectra between isomers, IF and RI were plotted against collision energy. The resulting data distributions were then used to obtain the parameters of the fitted curves, which were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the differences between these distributions via the unpaired t test. Results: A triplet and two pairs of PPD-type ginsenoside isomers were differentiated and identified by their distinct IF and RI distributions. In addition, the fragmentation preference of PPD-type ginsenosides was determined on the basis of the activation energy. The developed 2D-MS method was also extended to quantitatively determine the molar composition of ginsenoside isomers in mixtures of biotransformation products. Conclusion: In comparison with conventional mass spectrometry methods, 2D-MS provides more direct insights into the subtle structural differences between isomers and can be used as an alternative approach for the differentiation of isomeric ginsenosides and natural products.