• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.270-276
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• 2009

After casting button-type small ingots of ternary Fe-Mn-S alloys which had three different Mn/S ratios (1, 5 and 70) in a vacuum arc furnace, the effect of the ratio on the sulfide formation was investigated. In case of the Mn/S ratio of 1, if alloy composition was located in an iron-rich corner on a Fe-Mn-S ternary phase diagram, only duplex MnS-FeS sulfide films were observed in the grain boundary. If the alloy composition was located in the miscibility gap area of the phase diagram, primary globular dendritic sulfides and dendritic sulfide slags were generated within the grain and tubular monotectic sulfides were also detected in the grain boundary. When the Mn/S ratio was 5, if the alloy composition was in the iron-rich corner, only bead-like sulfides were generated. On the other hand, if the composition was in the miscibility gap area, globular dendritic sulfides and dendritic sulfide slags were generated in the form of primary sulfide inclusions and rod-like eutectic sulfides were observed in the grain boundary. Especially, if the contents of Mn and S increased more in the miscibility gap area of the phase diagram, primary globular sulfides containing iron intrusions were observed. In case of Mn/S ratio of 70, if the contents of Mn and S was decreased in the Fe corner of the phase diagram, only bead-like sulfides were observed in the grain boundary. Despite the composition was outside the miscibility gap area of the phase diagram, if the contents of Mn and S increased, clusters of fine sulfide particles as well as fine spherical primary monophase sulfides were observed in the grain boundary.

• Metals and materials international
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1333-1345
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• 2018

The effect of manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions on the machinability of free-cutting steel is based on their morphology, size and distribution. Furthermore, the plasticity of MnS is high during the hot working caused different characterization of MnS. In this study, the deformation behavior of MnS in 1215MS steel after a thermomechanical process was investigated at 1323 K. The microstructures of MnS inclusions were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). As the thickness reduction of the inclusions increased from 10 to 70%, their average aspect ratio increased from 1.20 to 2.39. In addition, the deformability of MnS inclusions was lower than that of the matrix. The possible slip systems of A, B, C, and D plane traces were (${\bar{1}}0{\bar{1}}$)[${\bar{1}}01$], ($10{\bar{1}}$)[101], (011)[$01{\bar{1}}$], and (110)[$1{\bar{1}}0$]. Furthermore, the EBSD measurements suggested that slip planes in MnS inclusions occur on {110} planes.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.107-124
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• 1985

More than fifty copper veins are emplaced around late Cretaceous granitoid stock in Haman-Gunbuk district, southernmost part of Korea. These veins cut both late Cretaceous granitoids and hornfels of Jindong formation which is intruded by the granitoids. The paragenesis of veins is nearly the same, consisting of (1) an early vein stage in which most iron oxide minerals, tourmaline and other silitcate minerals were deposited, (2) a calcite and quartz with base·metal sulfide stage and (3) late vein lets of barren calcite stage. Fluid inclusion studies reveal highly systematic trends of salinity and temperature during mineralization. Ore fluids of early vein stage were complex NaCl-KCl rich brines. Salinities of polyphase inclusions in quartz and scapolite in thie stage reached up to 72 wt.% and gradually decreased to 10.5wt. % in closing stage. Homogenization temperatures of inclusions in the beginning of this stage were up to $490^{\circ}C$ and then declined steadly to $290^{\circ}C$ in the late stage. Salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite of base·metal sulfide stage were 37.4~5.7wt. % and homogenization temperatures range from $373^{\circ}C$ to $170^{\circ}C$. Intermittent boiling of early vein fluid is indicated by fluid inclusions in quartz. Potassic alteration of granodiorite adjacent to early vein seems to be related to early saline vein fluid. Fluid inclusion data of base-metal sulfide stage of this area reveal nearly the same range as those of Koseong copper mining district about 30km apart from this area.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.220-224
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• 2009

In order to investigate the microstructural morphology of the sulfide expected from the Fe-FeS phase diagram, a vacuum-sealed quartz tube where pure iron (99.9%) and sulfur (99.99%) powders were charged was heated upto $1000^{\circ}C$ in the electric resistance furnace, held for 96 hours and quenched in cold water and then, rod specimen was produced. Compositional difference of the sulfur between upper and lower parts of the rod was 7.5wt.% and segregation of the sulfur was gradually increased from the lower part to the upper one of the rod. The rod specimen was divided into three parts by the microstructural morphology of the sulfide. The upper part of the rod specimen revealed single phase FeS intermetallic. In the middle part of the specimen, hyper-eutectic microstructure where primary FeS was precipitated first and then, eutectic of $\alpha$-Fe and FeS was formed in the inter-dendritic region of the FeS. Especially, hypo-eutectic microstructure was appeared in the lower part of the specimen. After primary dendrite of $\alpha$-Fe solidified, FeS dendrite which included small amount of $\alpha$-Fe and FeS eutectic in the inter-dendritic region was formed.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.283-296
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• 1992

The Keumryeong deposits is a low grade copper deposits in which copper minerals form disseminated grains and thin veinlets in felsic volcanics seem to be dacite. Alteration of the volcanics consists mainly pervasive propylitization and silicification. Potassic alteration characterized by biotite developed locally adjacent to southwestern contact of granodiorite body. Principal sulfide minerals in altered zone are mainly pyrite and lesser chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite content in potassic zone is relatively higher than that of surrounding propylitized zone. Pyrite and chalcopyrite accompanies magnetite, molybdenite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pentlandite, marcasite, hematite, ilmenite, rutile, bismuthinite and native Bi as disseminations, veinlets and knots. Granodiorite body is propylitized and contains veinlets of pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Fluid inclusions in sulfide-bearing quartz veinlets and quartz grains of felsic volcanics and granodiorite in altered zone consist of liquid-rich, vapor-rich, $CO_2-bearing$ and halite-bearing inclusions. These four types of inclusion intimately associated on a microscopic scale and indicate condensing or boiling of ore fluid during mineralization. Homogenization temperature of coexisting fluid inclusions are mostly in the range of 350 to $450^{\circ}C$. High salinity fluid contains 28.6 to 48.4 weight percent NaCI equivalent and moderate salinity fluid cotains 0.5 to 12.5 weight percent NaCl equivalent. Pressure estimated from $CO_2$ mole fraction of $CO_2-bearing$ inclusion range 160 to 375 bars. The Kigu copper deposits is a fissure filling copper vein developed 500 m south from the Keumryong deposits. Mineralogy and fluid inclusion data of the Kigu deposits are similar to that of the Keumryeong deposits. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions from the Kigu deposits are reasonable agreement with temperature estimated from sulfidation curve of cubanite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-pyrrhotite and pyrite-pyrrhotite mineral assemblages. Not only mineral occurrence and wall rock alteration in the Keumryeong deposits but also fluid inclusion data such as temperature, salinity, pressure and boiling evidences are similar to those of porphyry copper deposits.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1998

We have studied internal quality including chemical compositions, microscopic structure and nonmetallic inclusion of test materials. We have analyzed tensile strength value, hardness value, impact value etc. In analyzing internal quality, all of the test materials showed typical ferrite+pearlite structure. But nonmetallic inclusion showed oxide and sulfide inclusions in medium carbon steels, and sulfide inclusion is S-free cutting steels. In ca+ S-free cutting steels, the calcium aluminate and sulfide complex inclusion had low-melting points as deformation of sulfide and oxide inclusion is existed. It was found that tensile strength and hardness give maximum value in medium carbon steels, where as minimum in Ca + -free cutting steels. But values of elongation, reduction of area impact are reverse. Fracture surface of impact specimen is ductile in free cutting steels but brittle in medium cabon steels.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1982

Many skarn type iron ore deposits are distributed in Kimhae-Mulgeum area of Gyeongnam Province. Integrated field, mineralogic, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies were undertaken to illustrate the character and origin of the ores in this area. The iron ore deposits in this area are NS or NNE trending fracture filling magnetite veins which are developed in andesitic rocks near the contact with late Cretaceous micrographic granite bodies. Symmetrically zoned skarns are commonly developed in the magnetite veins of this area. Zoning of skarn from center to margin of the vein are as follows; garnet quartz skarn-epidote skarn-epidote orthoclase skarn-altered andesitic rocks. Major ore mineral is magnetite and small amount of hematite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite are associated. Vein paragenesis reveals four depositional stages; 1) skarn stage, 2) iron sulfide and oxide stage, 3) skarn stage, 4) sulfide stage Minute halite-bearing polyphase inclusions and liquid inclusions are contained in quartz. Filling temperatures range from $257^{\circ}$ to $370^{\circ}C$.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2020

In this study, a corrosion failure analysis of a heat transport pipe was conducted, as the result of a pinhole leak. Interestingly, the corrosion damage occurred externally in the pipeline, resulting in severe thickness reduction near the seam line. Also, while a stable magnetite protective film formed on the inner surface, the manganese oxide formation occurred only on the outer surface. The interior and exterior of the pipe were composed of ferrite and pearlite. The large manganese sulfide and alumina inclusions were found near the seam line. In addition, the manganese sulfide inclusions resulted in grooving corrosion, which progressed in the seam line leading to the reduction in the thickness, followed by the exposure of the alumina in the matrix to the outer surface. To note, the corrosion was accelerated by pits generated from the boundaries separating the inclusions from the matrix, which resulted in pinhole leaks and water loss.

• 암석학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2004

본 연구는 제주도에 분포하는 현무암에 포획된 맨틀포획암과 맨틀포획암에 포획된 유체포유물에 대한 암석 및 조직에 대한 기재와 하부지각물질이 초고온의 변성작용을 받아 형성된 부카이트라는 산성질포획암에 관한 예비연구이다. 제주도에 분포하는 알칼리현무암에는 초염기성포획암, 산성질포획암, 큐뮬레이트포획암이 풍부하게 포획되어 있다. 초염기성포획암은 첨정석(스피넬)-레졸라이트가 대부분이며, 첨정석-레졸라이트는 감람석, 사방휘석, 단사휘석과 첨정석로 이루어져 있다. 부카이트는 석영, 사장석과 검은 세맥으로 이루어져 있으며, 큐뮬레이트포획암은 단사휘석 혹은 단사휘석과 사장석으로 이루어진 거정의 결정들로 구성되어 있다. 이들 포획암들의 구성입자들은 조립질이며, 하부지각/상부맨틀에서의 복잡한 진화사를 보여주는 변성암의 특징을 나타낸다. 초염기성포획암에는 프로토그라뉼라, 반상쇄성, 등립질의 조직이 관찰되며, 이러한 조직의 존재는 제주도의 상부맨틀에 전단체계가 형성되어 있음을 나타낸다. 프로토그라뉼라 조직에서는 거정의 사방휘석 결정들 중간에 첨정석, 세립의 감람석이 시공간적인 연관성을 지니고 항상 같이 산출되어지는데 이는 첨정석과 감람석이 사방휘석에서 용리되어진 것으로 여겨진다. 이러한 첨정석과 감람석이 사방휘석에서 용리되어진 조직은 프로토그라뉼라조직이 형성되기 이전에 고온에서 알루미나 함량을 많이 지닌 암석이 평형상태를 유지했음을 의미하며, 원래의 암석은 알루미나가 풍부한 사방휘석을 지닌 페리도타이트인 것을 암시한다. 이러한 하부지각/상부맨틀에서 유래하는 포획암에는 세 종류의 유체포유물이 포획되어 있다. I형은 이산화탄소를 풍부하게 가지고 있는 포유물이고, II형은 다상의 규산염용융포유물로서 유리$\pm$탈유리화된 결정들$\pm$딸결정들 ＋수축기포로 구성되어 있다. III형은 황화용융포유물이다. 제주도의 맨틀포획암에는 I형이 가장 풍부하게 포획되어 있으며, 이산화탄소가 맨틀에 존재하는 가장 풍부한 휘발성성분이며, 맨틀과 같은 고온고압에서 하나의 독립된 상으로 존재한다는 것을 반영하고 있다. 또한 맨틀과 같은 환경에서 규산염멜트(melt), 황화멜트, 이산화탄소가스 사이에 서로 불용융(immscibility) 상태도 형성되고 있음을 나타내고 있다. 대부분의 다상의 규산염용융포유물 (II형)은 상당한 양의 규산질 유리를 지니고 있으며, 이는 하부지각/상부맨틀에서 SiO$_2$ 함량이 높은 규산질마그마가 형성되고 있음을 지시한다. 암석학적, 지화학적 정보와 함께 맨틀 혹은 하부지각 암석에 포획된 유체포유물과 용융포유물 데이터는 한반도의 맨틀에 대한 유체체계, 유체-마그마-광물 사이의 강호작용, 모암인 포획암에 대한 압력-온도 진화사를 파악하는데 크게 이용될 것이다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.221-233
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• 1982

Ssangjeon tungsten ore deposits is a complex pegmatite deposits embedded along the contact between pre-Cambrian Buncheon granite gneiss and amphibolite. This pegmatite vein developed 2 km along the strike and thickness varies from 10m to 40m. Mineral constituent of the normal pegmatite are quartz, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, tourmaline and garnet. The vein paragenesis is complicated by repeated deposition of quartz but three distinct depositional stage can be recognized. Quartz A stage is the stage of the earliest milky white quartz deposition as a rock forming mineral of normal pegmatite. Quartz B stage is the stage of gray to dark gray quartz replace earlier formed normal pegmatite minerals. Quartz C stage is the stage of latest white translucent massive quartz replace quartz A and B. Tungsten ore minerals and other sulfide minerals were precipitated during quartz B stage. Ore minerals are ferberite and scheelite. Minor amount of molybdenite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, pentlandite, bismuthinite, native bismuth and marcasite accompanied. Fluid inclusion in quartz A and B are gaseous inclusions and liquid inclusions are contained in quartz C as a primary inclusions. Salinity of inclusions in quartz A and B ranges from 4.5 to 9.5 wt. % and from 5.1 to 6.0 wt. % equivalent NaCl respectively. Homogenization temperature of quartz A; quartz B and quartz C ranges from 415 to $465^{\circ}C$, from 397 to $441^{\circ}C$ and from 278 to $357^{\circ}C$. $CO_2$ content of the ore fluid increased at the ends of quartz B stage.