• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chemical blend additives (a combination of ferrous sulfate and aluminum chloride) on decreasing pathogens in poultry litter. A total of 240 broiler chickens were assigned to 4 chemical treatments with 4 replicates of 15 chickens per pen. The four chemical blend additives were a control (no treatment), 25 g ferrous sulfate + 75 g aluminum chloride/kg poultry litter, 50 g ferrous sulfate + 100 g aluminum chloride/kg poultry litter and 100 g ferrous sulfate + 150 aluminum chloride/kg poultry litter. During the 6-wk experimental period, there were significant differences in both E.coli and Salmonella enterica for weeks 4 through 6, but not at weeks 1 and 3, respectively. Consequently, using chemical blend additives that serve as methods to control strict environmental regulations reduced pathogens in poultry litter.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1385-1390
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• 2010

Repeated additions of untreated slurry to soil affected ecology and caused high levels of heavy metal in soil and ground water. The objective of this study was to evaluate heavy metal from hanwoo slurry with ferrous sulfate ($FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$), aluminum sulfate [$Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}14H_2O$, alum] and aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$) as a way to improve environmental management in hanwoo industry. The treatment rates, which were incorporated totally within the hanwoo slurry, were 1.0 g and 1.5 g of ferrous sulfate, alum and aluminum chloride/25 g of hanwoo slurry. The various rates of chemical additives significantly increased dry matter (9.98~13.94%) and decreased pH (3.48~6.52) compared with the controls. The use of chemical additives decreased Fe (11~29%), Al (7~12%), Zn (13~36%), and Cu (4~32%) contents, except for Fe in hanwoo slurry with ferrous sulfate and Al in hanwoo slurry with alum and aluminum chloride. In addition, the reduction in heavy metal should be associated with reduction in pH. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that alum and aluminum chloride additives at rate of 1.5 g were cost-effective management practice that significantly reduces heavy metal from hanwoo slurry, while it may be improved environmental management.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 2011

Copper electroplating has been applied to various fields such as decorative plating and through-hole plating. Technical realization of high strength copper preplating for wear-resistant tools and molds in addition to these applications is the aim of this work. Brighters and levelers, such as MPSA, Gelatin, Thiourea, PEG and JGB, were added in copper sulfate electrolyte, and the effects of these organic additives on the hardness were evaluated. All additives in this work were effective in increasing the hardness of copper electrodeposits. Thiourea increased the hardness up to 350 VHN, and was the most effective accelarator in sulfate electrolyte. It was shown from the X-ray diffraction analysis that preferred orientation changed from (200) to (111) with increasing concentration of organic additives. Crystallite size decreased with increasing concentration of additive. Hardness was increased with decreasing crystallite size, and this result is consistent with Hall-Petch relationship, and it was apparent that the hardening of copper electrodeposits results from the grain refining effect.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2004

The deposition rate, the current efficiency and surface morphology of trivalent Cr deposits were investigated according to additives in sulfate bath and current density. The deposition rate of the Cr deposits plated from the formic acid complexed bath was noticeably higher than that of the glycine complexed bath. The current efficiency of the deposition from formic acid bath was higher than that of the glycine bath and increased with current density in the range of 20-50 A/d$\m^2$. The current efficiency of the deposition from the formic acid bath with boric acid buffer was higher than that of the bath with aluminum sulfate or boric acid-aluminum sulfate buffers. The nodular crystallite size of the Cr deposits increased with current density and the uniform and crack-free growth of the deposits for the aluminum sulfate was observed compared to the other buffers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.657-664
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• 2000

Weak and soft compressible clay deposits are commonly found in natural subgrade soils. These Soils need to be stabilized for using the subbase materials of highway constructions. This paper presents that a chemical treatment using chemical additives comprised of sulfate(SO$_4$) and chloride(Cl) is evaluated for stabilizing soft clay deposits and lime. The physical and mechanical characteristics of soil-lime and additives are described by means of a laboratory study. The study results indicate that the presence of chlorides encouraged the efficiency of lime stabilization, and the use of calcium chloride with quicklime is the best additive for improving soil behavior. The treated soil with lime-calcium chloride can have the adaptability to the subbase materials of highway constructions.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2004

The current efficiency and the microstructure of the trivalent Cr deposits plated in flow cell system were investigated according to additives in sulfate bath and current density. The current efficiency of the deposits plated in the formic acid complexed bath was noticeably higher than that of the deposits from glycine complexed bath. The current efficiency of the deposits from the complexed baths with boric acid buffer increased linearly with current density in the range of 60-100 A/dm$^2$, while that of the deposits from the baths with both Al sulfate and mixed buffers increased parabolically with current density. The nodular crystallite size of the deposits increased with current density, and the deposits plated in low current density region had relatively smooth surface appearance with fine grains. The structure of the deposits from the complexed baths with boric acid buffer changed from amorphous structure to crystalline one with strong (110)peak with increasing current density. The deposits from the baths with both Al sulfate and mixed buffers had generally amorphous structure.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.28-39
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• 2004

The effect of trace metallic additives on microstructure, surface appearance and hardness of zinc electrodeposits was investigated by using sulfate bath and flow cell system. The preferred orientation of Zn deposit with Fe additive was (103)(104)+(002) mixed texture and that of Zn deposits with both Fe-Ni and Fe-Co additives was (10 1), while Zn deposits with Fe-Cr additives had (002) preferred orientation. The surface morphology of the zinc deposits was closely related to the preferred orientation of the deposits. The glossiness of Zn deposit with Fe-Ni additives was higher than that of pure Zn deposit, while the glossiness of Zn deposits with both Fe-Co and Fe-Cr additives was lower than that of pure Zn deposit. The hardness of Zn deposits with both Fe-Ni and Fe-Co additives was noticeably higher than that of Zn-Fe deposit, while that of Zn deposit with Fe-Cr additives was similar to that of Zn-Fe deposit.

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.84-87
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• 2003

셀룰로즈 직물은 easy care 성능을 부여하기 위하여 가교제로 처리된다. 현재 공업적으로 가장 많이 이용되고 있는 DMDHEU와 같은 N-methyol계 가교제는 공정 중 또는 처리된 제품의 저장 중에 발암물질인 포름알데하이드를 유리시키는 경향이 있어 포름알데하이드를 유리시키지 않는 가교결합제의 개발이 활발하게 연구되고 있다. 이러한 비포르말린계 가교제 중 글리옥살은 그 성능은 매우 뛰어나지만 DP 처리시 사용되는 촉매인 aluminium sulfate는 처리직물의 강도저하와 항변을 일으키는 단점을 지니고 있다[1]. (중략)

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2004

The effect of trace metallic additives on microstructure, glossiness and hardness of Zinc electrodeposits was investigated by using sulfate bath and flow cell system. The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe additives was (10$\ell$)+(002) mixed texture, while that of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-Cr additives was ( $10\ell$). The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-X(X:Ni,Co) additives changed from ($10\ell$)+(002) to ($10\ell$) with increasing Mg additive from 5 to 10 g/$\ell$. The surface morphology of the Zinc deposits was closely related to the preferred orientation of the deposits. The glossiness of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe additives was similar to that of pure Zn deposit. The glossiness of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-X(X:Ni,Cr) additives was lower than that of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe additives, while that of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-Co additives was higher than that of Zn-Mg-Fe deposits. The hardness of Zn deposits with Mg-Fe-X(Ni,Co,Cr) increased with current density and amount of Mg additive. Hardness of Zn deposits was decreased and increased in comparison with Zn-Mg-Fe deposits for Mg-Fe-Co and Mg-Fe-Cr additives, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.444-454
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• 2003

The effect of trace metallic additives of Al-Fe-X on microstructure, glossiness and hardness of Zn electrodeposits was investigated by using sulfate bath. The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Al-Fe additives was (10 l)(l:3,4,2), while that of Zn deposits with Al-Fe-X(Ni,Co) additives was either (002) or (002)＋(103)ㆍ(104) mixed orientation. The preferred orientation of Zn deposits with Al-Fe-Cr additives changed from (002)+(10 l) to (10 l) orientation with increasing amount of Al additive. The surface morphology of the Zn deposits was closely related to the preferred orientation of the deposits. The glossiness of Zn deposits with Al-Fe additives increased in comparison with that of pure Zn deposit. That of the Zn deposits with Al-Fe-X additives was related to the morphology of the deposits and changed according to type of additives. The hardness of Zn deposits with Al-Fe-X(Ni,Co,Cr) additives was noticeably higher than that of Zn deposits with Al-Fe additives.