• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제19권spc호
• /
• pp.144-147
• /
• 2011

The main nutritional problem of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor${\times}$Sorghum sudanese) silage is low quality and palatability. This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether organic com grain and crushed rice addition of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage increases forage quality of the silage. The sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silages with added com grain and crushed rice were similar to conventional com silage in moisture content. However organic sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage had low pH values. Silage added with gain and byproduct had higher crude ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents than control com silages, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed the opposite results. Lactic acid, butyric acid and lactic percentage of total organic acid (L/T) of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silages were higher than those of com silage, but acetic acid was higher than control. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of com silage was higher than other sorghum silages. Feed intake of sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage added with crushed rice was highest among silages. Therefore, these data indicate that crushed rice and com grain added sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing silage quality and palatability.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.213-216
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out between November 2008 and October 2009 in the experimental farm of Chunnam National University to investigate the effect of feeding of Sudangrass silage on the reproductive performance of Hanwoo cows. Two diets, rice straw or Sudangrass silage separately from concentrate were fed 19 Hanwoo cows. In control group (=CON), cows (n=9) were fed 5 kg (/head) rice straw and 3 kg (/head) commercial diet. In Sudangrass silage group (=SGS), cows (n=10) were fed 12.5 kg (/head) Sudangrass silage and 1 kg (/head) commercial diet. 1. Days to post-partum insemination were $78.8{\pm}25.3$ days for CON and $84.7{\pm}24.6$ days for SGS group and days to post-partum conception in CON or SGS were $90.1{\pm}24.1$ and $87.7{\pm}26.8$ days, respectively. 2. Post-partum conception rates for first service in CON or SGS was 66.7% and 90.0%, respectively, and caving interval was $375.1{\pm}46.7$ days for CON and $370.2{\pm}34.4$ days for SGS group. 3. Body Condition Scores of Hanwoo cows at artificial insemination was 5.36 for CON group and 4.93 for SGS group.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.56-65
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the ensiling quality and in vitro rumen fermentation of sudangrass silage prepared with or without wilting. Methods: The ensiling experiment, measured with 3 replicates, was carried out according to a 2×4 (wilted stages×additives) factorial treatment structure. Dry matter of the fresh (210 g/kg fresh matter) or wilted (305 g/kg fresh matter) sudangrass were ensiled (packed into 5.0-L plastic jars) without additive (control) or with molasses (M), Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or molasses + Lactobacillus plantarum (M+LP). After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed for the chemical, fermentation, and in vitro characteristics. Results: After 60 days of ensiling, the fermentation parameters were affected by wilted, the additives and the interactions of wilted with the additives (p<0.05). The M+LP treatment at wilted had higher lactic acid levels and V-score (p<0.05) but lower pH values and butyric acid concentrations than the other treatments. In comparison with sudangrass before ensiling, after ensiling had lower dry matter and higher non-fibrous carbohydrate. The in vitro gas production, in vitro dry matter digestibility, in vitro crude protein digestibility, and in vitro acid fiber detergent digestibility changed under the effects of the additives. Significant interactions were observed between wilted and the additives in terms of in vitro gas production at 48 h, asymptotic gas production, gas production rate, half time, and the average gas production rate. The total volatile fatty acid levels in the additive treatments were higher than those in the control. Conclusion: Wilting and supplementation with molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum had the ability to improve the ensiling quality and in vitro nutrient digestibility of sudangrass silage. The M+LP treatment at wilted exhibited the strongest positive effects on silage quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.519-527
• /
• 2009

수수$\times$수단그라스 교잡종 사일리지의 큰 문제점은 낮은 건물률과 품질이다. 본 시험은 수수$\times$수단그라스 교잡종을 재배하는 포장에서 예건으로 사일리지의 건물률과 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험구배치는 5처리 3반복의 완전임의배치법으로 하였다. 시험구의 처리는 비예건(대조구), 예건 0.5일, 예건 1일, 예건 2일 및 예건 3일의 5수준을 두었다. 예건한 수수$\times$수단그라스 교잡종 사일리지의 pH는 4.0 이하였으나, 비예건 사일리지의 pH는 4.30으로 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 비예건 사일리지의 건물률은 17.6%였으나 예건한 사일리지의 건물률은 예건 1일 후부터는 25.1% 이상이었다(p<0.05). 예건한 사일리지의 침출수는 예건을 많이 함에 따라 감소하였으나, 비예건 사일리지의 침출수는 283mL/kg로 가장 많았다(p<0.05). 예건을 함에 따라 사일리지의 조단백질 및 조지방 함량은 감소하였으나, 조회분함량은 증가하였다(p<0.05). 비예건보다 예건 사일리지의 ADF 및 NDF 함량은 증가하였으나, 비섬유성탄수화물(NFC) 함량은 감소하였다(p<0.05). 젖산 및 유기산 함량은 예건 일수를 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 예건 1일부터는 변화가 없었다(p<0.05). 유산양의 기호성도 예건 1일이 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 수수$\times$수단그라스 교잡종 사일리지 제조시 예건이 건물률 증가에 의하여 침출수를 줄이고, pH와 사일리지 품질을 개선하는 효과가 있었으며 예건일수는 1일이 가장 적합하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권1호
• /
• pp.38-51
• /
• 2022

Whole-plant corn (Zea may L.) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are major summer crops that can be fed as direct-cut or silage. Proso millet is a short-season growing crop with distinct agronomic characteristics that can be productive in marginal lands. However, information is limited about the potential production, feed value, and ensilability of proso millet forage. We evaluated proso millet as a silage crop in comparison with conventional silage crops. Proso millet was sown on June 8 and harvested on September 5 at soft-dough stage. Corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were planted on May 10 and harvested on September 10 at the half milk-line and soft-dough stages, respectively. The fermentation was evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 days after ensiling. Although forage yield of proso millet was lower than corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, its relative feed value was greater than sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and water-soluble carbohydrate decreased commonly in the ensiling forage crops. The DM loss was greater in proso millet than those in corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid. The in vitro dry matter digestibility declined in the forage crops as fermentation progressed. In the early stages of fermentation, pH dropped rapidly, which was stabilized in the later stages. Compared to corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen was greater in proso millet. The count of lactic acid bacteria reached the maximum level on day 10, with the values of 6.96, 7.77, and 6.95 Log₁₀ CFU/g fresh weight for proso millet, corn, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, respectively. As ensiling progressed, the concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid of the three crops increased and lactic acid proportion became higher in the order of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid, corn, and proso millet. Overall, the shorter, fast-growing proso millet comparing with corn and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid makes this forage crop an alternative option, particularly in areas where agricultural inputs are limited. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of viable strategies such as chemical additives or microbial inoculants to minimize ammonia-nitrogen formation and DM loss during ensiling.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.155-166
• /
• 2014

Organic forage production system is one of the most important aspects in organic livestock production. Animals in the organic farming system are also essential for manure to be used for organic forage production. Both organic forage and animals are essential to maintain the cycle of organic agriculture system. In this paper we introduce the organic forage production system in Korea. Summer and winter crops are getting popular in Korea because of their high forage yield and cultivation in double cropping systems. Common cropping system for forage production in Korea is the double cropping system with legume and grass mixture. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are the most popular ones of annual summer forage corps because of their high production with low cost in the double cropping systems. In the mixture of forage crops, inter cropping is more suitable in the corn and sorghum cropping system because of high lodging resistance and forage yield, and low weed population. Forage sorghum and sudangrass are difficult to preserve as direct-cut silage due to the fact that its high moisture content causes excessive fermentation during ensiling. Corn grain addition to sorghum silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing quality and reducing production cost. It is recommended that corn grain could be added up to 10% of total amount of silage. And agriculture by-products also can be added at the time of ensiling to minimize losses of effluent and have the additional advantage of increasing quality. Agriculture by-products as silage supplements increased DM content and quality, and decreased the production cost of sorghum silage. Field pre-wilting treatment of forage crops also increased DM content and quality of the silage. Wilting sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid before ensiling was the effective method for reducing effluent and increasing pH and forage quality more than direct cut silage. Optimum prewilting period of sudangrass silage was 1 or 2 days. In organic forage, the most important factor is the enhancement of organic forage sufficiency in relation to the environmental-friendly and organic livestock. Consequently, there are many possibilities for animal production and organic forage production in Korea. No forages no cattle concept should be emphasized in organic farming system.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.192-197
• /
• 1995

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the grazing performance of dairy cattle for winter rye, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid and oat including of rape in Hwa seong-gun, Kyeonggido, from 1993 to 1994. Each crops were utilized from the stage of 8-leaves to late blooming for sorghum-sudangrass, and from final leaves to soft dough for winter rye and oat plant. Under three different cropping system of winter rye-sorghum x sudangrass, spring oat-sorghum X sudangrass-autumn oat, and silage corn-autumn oat, a succeshl hehage production was available for grazing performance from April 26 to December 15, continuously. Annual dry matter yields for grazing allowance were 26.1 tontha in average of all cropping system. Autumn oat rnixtured with rape showed the highest herbage utilization with 91.6% grazing intensity and the lowest in sorghum-sudangrass with a value of 60.6- 69.1 %. Labor investment for herbage production were 805 hour in the cutting management and 339 hour per hectar in the grazing utilization.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.257-263
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the potential of using NIRS to accurately determine the chemical composition and fermentation parameters in fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method to analyze the quality of cereals and dried animal forage. However, silage analysis by NIRS has a limitation in analyzing dried and ground samples in farm-scale applications because the fermentative products are lost during the drying process. Fresh coarse silage samples were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2500 nm, and the optical data were obtained as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R). The spectral data were regressed, using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with first and second order derivatization, with a scatter correction procedure (standard normal variate and detrend (SNV&D)) to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical constituents with a high degree of accuracy (i.e. the correlation coefficient of cross validation ($R^2{_{cv}}$) ranged from 0.86~0.96), except for crude ash which had an $R^2{_{cv}}$ of 0.68. Comparison of the mathematical treatments for raw spectra showed that the second-order derivatization procedure produced the best result for all the treatments, except for neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The best mathematical treatment for moisture, acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and pH was 2,16,16 respectively while the best mathematical treatment for crude ash, lactic acid and total acid was 2,8,8 respectively. The calibrations of fermentation products produced poorer calibrations (RPD < 2.5) with acetic and butyric acid. The pH, lactic acid and total acids were predicted with considerable accuracy at $R^2{_{cv}}$ 0.72~0.77. This study indicated that NIRS calibrations based on fresh coarse sorghum and sudangrass silage spectra have the capability of assessing the forage quality control

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권8호
• /
• pp.1162-1173
• /
• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the fermentation profiles, bacterial community and predicted metabolic characteristics of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf.) during ensiling. Methods: First-cutting Sudangrass was harvested at the vegetative stage and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (1 L capacity). Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities on day 3 and 60 were assessed through high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA-gene predicted functional profiles were analyzed according to the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes using Tax4Fun. Results: The Sudangrass silages showed good fermentation quality, indicated by higher lactic acid contents, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. The dominant genus Lactococcus on day 3 was replaced by Lactobacillus on day 60. The metabolism of amino acid, energy, cofactors and vitamins was restricted, and metabolism of nucleotide and carbohydrate was promoted after ensiling. The 1-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase of bacterial community seemed to play important roles in stimulating the lactic acid fermentation, and the promotion of arginine deiminase could help lactic acid bacteria to tolerate the acidic environment. Conclusion: High-throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses revealed the differences during the early and late stages of Sudangrass ensiling not only for distinct bacterial community but also for specific functional metabolites. The results could provide a comprehensive insight into bacterial community and metabolic characteristics to further improve the silage quality.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.233-238
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 여름 사료작물(옥수수, 수수$\times$ 수단그라스 교잡종, 사료용 피, 율무, 밭벼)와 겨울 사료작물(호밀, 총체보리, 이탈리안 라이그라스)을 농촌진흥청 축산연구소 답리작 논에서 생육특성, 사료가치 그리고 건물생산성을 고려하여 최적 작부체계를 구명하기 위한 시험을 2002년부터 2004년까지 수행하였다. 여름 사료작물에 있어 도복에 강한 작물은 다른 초종에 비교해서 사일리지용 옥수수, 율무 그리고 밭벼가 강했으며, 겨울 사료작물 중에서는 호밀과 이탈리안 라이그라스보다 총체보리에서 강했다. 여름 사료작물과 겨울 사료작물을 15개 작부조합 하였을 때 총체보리+수수$\times$ 수단그라스 교잡종, 호밀+수수$\times$ 수단그라스 교잡종 그리고 이탈리안 라이그라스+수수$\times$ 수단그라스 교잡종의 작부조합에서 ha당 각각 27,766 kg, 27,296kg 그리고 25,365kg으로 건물생산성이 높았으며, 그 외에 총체보리+사일리지용 옥수수와 호밀+사일리지 옥수수에서 각각 ha당 23,766kg과 23,572 kg으로 양호하였다.