• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.227-239
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• 2022

Complications experienced during lymphatic surgery have not been ubiquitously reported, and little has been described regarding how to prevent them. We present a review of complications reported during the surgical management of lymphedema and our experience with technical considerations to reduce morbidity from lymphatic surgery. A comprehensive search across different databases was conducted through November 2020. Based on the complications identified, we discussed the best approach for reducing the incidence of complications during lymphatic surgery based on our experience. The most common complications reported following lymphovenous anastomosis were re-exploration of the anastomosis, venous reflux, and surgical site infection. The most common complications using groin vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), submental VLNT, lateral thoracic VLNT, and supraclavicular VLNT included delayed wound healing, seroma and hematoma formation, lymphatic fluid leakage, iatrogenic lymphedema, soft-tissue infection, venous congestion, marginal nerve pseudoparalysis, and partial flap loss. Regarding intra-abdominal lymph node flaps, incisional hernia, hematoma, lymphatic fluid leakage, and postoperative ileus were commonly reported. Following suction-assisted lipectomy, significant blood loss and transient paresthesia were frequently reported. The reported complications of excisional procedures included soft-tissue infections, seroma and hematoma formation, skin-graft loss, significant blood loss, and minor skin flap necrosis. Evidently, lymphedema continues to represent a challenging condition; however, thorough patient selection, compliance with physiotherapy, and an experienced surgeon with adequate understanding of the lymphatic system can help maximize the safety of lymphatic surgery.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.139-151
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• 2022

The mechanical properties of expansive soil are very unstable, highly sensitive to water, and thus easy to cause major engineering accidents. In this paper, the expansive soil foundation pit project of the East Huada Square in the eastern suburb of Chengdu was studied, the moisture content of the expansive soil was considered as an important factor that affecting the mechanics properties of expansive soil and the stability of the non-equal-length double-row piles in the foundation pit support. Three groups of direct shear tests were carried out and the quantitative relationships between the moisture content and shear strength τ, cohesion c, internal friction angle φ were obtained. The effect of cohesion and internal friction angle on the maximum displacement and the maximum bending moment of piles were analyzed by the finite element software MIDAS/GTS (Geotechnical and Tunnel Analysis System). Results show that the higher the moisture content, the smaller the matrix suction, and the smaller the shear strength; the cohesion and the internal friction angle are exponentially related to the moisture content, and both are negatively correlated. The maximum displacement and the maximum bending moment of the non-equal length double-row piles decrease with the increase of the cohesion and the internal friction angle. When the cohesion is greater than 33 kPa or the internal friction angle is greater than 25.5°, the maximum displacement and maximum bending moment of the piles are relatively small, however, once crossing the points (the corresponding moisture content value is 24.4%), the maximum displacement and the maximum bending moment will increase significantly. Therefore, in order to ensure the stability and safety of the foundation pit support structure of the East Huada Square, the moisture content of the expansive soil should not exceed 24.4%.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.2029-2038
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• 2024

A deep understanding of the characteristics and mechanism of geyser boiling and capillary pumping is necessary to optimize a high-temperature sodium heat pipe. In this work, the Volume of Fluid (VOF) two-phase model and the capillary force model in the mesh wick were used to model the complex phase change and fluid flow in the heat pipe. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations successfully predicted the process of bubble nucleation, growth, aggregation, and detachment from the wall in the liquid pool of the evaporation section of the heat pipe in horizontal and tilted states, as well as the reflux phenomenon of capillary suction within the wick. The accuracy and stability of the capillary force model within the wick were verified. In addition, the causes of geyser boiling in heat pipes were analyzed by extracting the oscillation distribution of heat pipe wall temperature. The results show that adding the capillary force model within the wick structure can reasonably simulate the liquid backflow phenomenon at the condensation; Under the horizontal and inclined operating conditions of the heat pipe, the phenomenon of local dry-out will occur, resulting in a sharp increase in local temperature. The speed of bubble detachment and the timely reflux of liquid sodium (condensate) replenishment in the wick play a vital role in the geyser temperature oscillation of the tube wall. The numerical simulation method and the results of this study are anticipated to provide a good reference for the investigation of geyser boiling in high-temperature heat pipes.

• 대한간호
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.61-76
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• 1993

This study was done in order La provide basic data to a Fee System for hospital based Home Health Care services in Korea in the future. It was done by investigating activities provided to possible Home Health Care clients who could be discharged early from genera] hospitals and then estimating the nursing care fee according to each nursing activity based upon the time used for activity. The subjects of the study were selected by convenience sampling and consisted of 35 clients who might be clients for Home Nursing Care and were presently admitted to a medical- surgical ward of Y University Medical Center located in Seoul, Korea. The data collection period was from September 1, 1991 to September 30, 1991. The research in strum nets utilized for the study were a client selection criterial for Home Health Care developed by Choo(l991) and a check-list of nursing activity developed by researcher. The results of the study were as follows : 1. There were 44 different nursing activities provided in the seven days but the time was calculated for only 25 of the nursing activities. 2. Fees for the 25 different nursing activities were calculated by multipling the median of the average wage of a staff nurse having five years experience in an A grade general hospital to the Lime of the nursing activity. The results were compared with the insurance fee which the government recognized as an appropriate fee for that activity. The nursing activities with a lower calculated fee than the insurance fee were suction, catheterization, exercise education and dressing change. The nursing activities with a higher calculated fee than the government recognized fee were 1M injection and vital sign check. 3. There was a range of 1-15 nursing activities provided daily to the client. For the average number of nursing activities per day of 6.26 events the nursing care fee was calaulated at W 6136 per day. 4. Based upon the results of the study, a recommentdation for a Home Health Care fee per visit based on the nursing activities provided could be formulated for a Home Health Care fee system. It could be formulated as following: 1) Home health Care fee per visit $=[(direct{\;} nursing{\;}fee(direct{\;}nursing{\;}care{\;}time{\;}per{\;}activity{\;}{\times}{\;}average{\;}nursing{\;}wage)+indirect fee]{\times}average$ nursing activity per visit]+management fee+ materials fee+a travel fee In this way a nursing fee could be calculated based upon the result of the study of the nursing fees per visit. 2) Nursing activity fees per visit. = $([direct nursing{\;}care{\;}fee+indirect{\;}nursing{\;}fee]{\times}average$ number of nursing activities provided per visit] (W 6, 136) + travel fee(\ 5, 542) +management fee material $fee({\alpha})\{\;}16, 436+{\alpha}$ The nursing fee per visit as calculated in this research of $\{\;}15, 0000+{\alpha}$ could be adjusted according to the patient's condition or the use of high technology nursing care or according to the amount of time spent for travel. The nursing care fee per visit presented in this study can be validated through a Home Health Care demonstration project.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.324-333
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• 2013

Recently, rudder erosion due to cavitation has been frequently reported on a semi-spade rudder of a high-speed large ship. This problem raises economic and safety issues when operating ships. The semi-spade rudders have a gap between the horn/pintle and the movable wing part. Due to this gap, a discontinuous surface, cavitation phenomenon arises and results in unresolved problems such as rudder erosion. In this study, we made a rudder model for 2-D experiments using the NACA0020 and also manufactured gap flow blocking devices to insert to the gap of the model. In order to study the gap flow characteristics at various rudder deflection angles($5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $35^{\circ}$) and the effect of the gap flow blocking devices, we carried out the velocity measurements using PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry) techniques and cavitation observation using high speed camera in Seoul National University cavitation tunnel. To observe the gap cavitation on a semi-spade rudder, we slowly lowered the inside pressure of the cavitation tunnel until cavitation occurred near the gap and then captured it using high-speed camera with the frame rate of 4300 fps(frame per second). During this procedure, cavitation numbers and the generated location were recorded, and these experimental data were compared with CFD results calculated by commercial code, Fluent. When we use gap flow blocking device to block the gap, it showed a different flow character compared with previous observation without the device. With the device blocking the gap, the flow velocity increases on the suction side, while it decreases on the pressure side. Therefore, we can conclude that the gap flow blocking device results in a high lift-force effect. And we can also observe that the cavitation inception is delayed.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.318-328
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• 2015

효과적인 도심 홍수 감소 및 물순환 기법 중 하나로 투수성 포장의 적용을 들 수 있다. 도심 물순환 및 방재를 위한 수단으로 투수성 포장의 적용은 국제적으로 점차 확대되고 있는 실정이다. 투수성 포장 내의 침투는 대부분의 경우 불포화 상태에서 시작하나, 현재 투수성 포장재의 흙-수분특성 곡선의 산정 및 이를 바탕으로 한 투수성 포장 시스템의 침투성에 대한 연구는 거의 찾아볼 수 없다. 본 연구에서는, 먼저 실내시험을 통해 투수성 포장재의 포화투수계수와 흙-수분특성곡선을 산정하고, 이를 바탕으로 유한요소해석을 통해 강우시 특정 투수성 포장 시스템의 침투특성 및 홍수 저감 효과를 분석하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 실험에 사용된 현장 투수성 콘크리트 시료의 흙-수분특성곡선은, 모관흡입력이 증가함에 따라 공기 유입 후 체적함수비가 상대적으로 급격하게 감소하였다. 유한요소해석 결과로부터, 불투수성 포장과 비교하였을 때, 즉 강우가 침투 없이 바로 유출이 되는 경우와 비교하여, 투수성 포장 시스템의 노반으로 침투가 불가능한 경우에도, 투수성 포장 시스템이 강우의 지표유출을 효과적으로 지체 및 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.248-254
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• 2015

국내에는 아직 침수선박 구조용 대용량 배수펌프에 대한 기술개발 사례가 없는 상황이다. 현재 침수선박 구조를 위해 농업용 배수펌프가 사용되고 있으나 실효성이 현저히 떨어지며, 낮은 배수량, 이물질 걸림 현상, 겨울철 운전 오작동 등의 문제점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 해양에서 신속한 침수선박의 구조를 위해 현재 장비가 가지는 문제점을 개선하여 분당 20 톤의 배수량을 가지는 대용량 배수펌프 시스템을 개발하고자 한다. 대용량 배수펌프 시스템은 펌프 배출구를 통해 배출되는 흡입양정 8 m에서 분당 20 톤의 해수를 배출하는 것을 목표로 배수펌프 시스템 설계 및 개발을 수행하였다. 펌프종류는 조선해양 분야에서 액체를 이송하는데 가장 많이 사용되는 원심펌프를 채택하였으며, 요구 시방을 기초로 펌프를 설계하였다. 임펠러 블레이드는 요구 시방과 Stepanoff 설계 상수를 이용하여 임펠러 제원과 블레이드 입출구각을 도출하였고, 설계된 임펠러와 하우징 형상에서 목표 유량 만족 여부를 확인하기 위해 유동해석을 수행하여, 임펠러 회전수에 따른 유량을 검토하였다. 또한 실제 운전 중에 발생할 수 있는 제품에 대한 구조적인 취약성을 판단하기 위해 임펠러 구조해석을 수행하여 안전성을 검토하여, 침수선박 구조를 위한 배수펌프 시스템 개발을 완료하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.33-47
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• 1982

To modernize the conventional rice post production technology and reduce grain losses, a transition toward the wet-paddy threshing system has been strongly demanded. The head-feeding type thresher with pneumatic separation has been used dominantly for threshing dried-paddy, but some adverse effects in separation performance for threshing wet-paddy is encounterred. In order to solve the problems, the development of thresher with an additional oscillating sieve to the conventional pneumatic separation has been recommanded. This study was intended to evaluate the separating performance of thresher with oscillating sieve which was attached additionally to the conventional auto-thresher equipped with separation system of blower and suction fan. For different feed rates and rice varieties, wet-and dry-material were tested with threshers attached with and without oscillating sieve. Results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. When the feed rates were 480 and 640 kg/hr, there was no statistically significant difference in power reqirements between the threshers with and without an additional sieve device for both dry-and wet-threshing. However, when the feed rate was 960 kg/hr, power requirements of thresher without sieve were greater for wet-paddy threshing than the thresher with the additional sieve separator by about 20% points. 2. With additional oscillating sieve device, the ratios of total weights of whole grains including grains with branch let and damaged grains to the total output did not show statistical difference among the feed rates. However, with pneumatic separation the ratio was decreased as the level of feed rate increased. 3. The total amount of grains with branchlet (including broken panicle) increased with the moisture content. For both the wet-and dry-material threshing with the additional oscillating sieve, the percent of grains with branchlet to the total output decreased greatly as the feed rate increased. 4. The output of the damaged grains increased as moisture content decreased. Especially, for the dry-paddy threshing, the additional sieve separating device produced more damaged grains than the pneumatic separation at all feed rates. 5. Generally, for dry paddy threshing, the separating performance of the thresher with the additional sieve device was better at all feed rates, showing greater difference with increasing feed rates. 6. Separating losses were greater with the pneumatic than sieve separation for both the wet-and dry-threshing. 7. The overall comparison of separating performance of threshers tested with and without an additional sieve device showed that the former was more effective than the latter for the dry-material threshing. However, for the wet-paddy threshing, the separation performance with a sieve device was better than the pneumatic only when the feed rate was high.

• 멤브레인
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.114-120
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• 2005

본 연구의 목적은 도시 하수처리를 위한 막결합형 $A_2O$공정에 관해 실제적인 정보를 얻고자 하는 것이다. 공경 $0.25\;{\mu}m$의 평판형 정밀여과막을 공기가 주입되는 호기조에 침지시켜 처리수는 저압으로 여과된다. 인공폐수를 대상으로 최적의 처리수질과 장기운전의 안정성 확보를 위한 내부반송율과 MLSS 농도 등의 최적 운전인자를 산정하고자 하였다. 내부반송은 각각 호기조에서 무산조로 반송한 것을 type 1, 무산조에서 혐기조로 반송한 것을 type 2라고 규정지었다. 플럭스는 15 LMH, type 1을 2Q로 고정하고 실험하였을 때 최적의 운전 조건은 MLSS 농도는 11,000 mg/L, type 2가 IQ로 나타났다. 이때, BOD $COD_{cr}$, T-N, T-P의 제거율이 각각 $97.3\%,\;94.2\%,\;64.0\%,\;63.0\%$로 타 내부반송율보다 효과적이었다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.842-846
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• 2016

물속의 용존산소를 이용하면 물고기가 아가미를 이용하여 호흡하듯이 사람이 수중에서 호흡이 가능하지만, 물속에 포함된 용존산소의 양이 적기 때문에 필요한 산소량을 확보하는 문제가 해결되어야 한다. 우선 물의 유량을 증가시켜 분리되는 산소량을 증가하는 것이 가능하지만, 필요한 펌프와 멤브레인 그리고 주변기기의 용량 증가로 분리장치의 부피와 무게 그리고 소요비용도 함께 증가하게 된다. 이러한 문제를 효과적으로 해결하기 위해 많은 양의 산소를 포함하는 날숨의 특성을 이용하면 필요한 산소량을 효과적으로 확보할 수 있다. 일반적으로 날숨에 포함된 산소량은 공기보다 낮고, 이산화탄소 량은 공기보다 많은 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 용존기체 분리장치의 입력 단에 날숨을 혼합한 후, 용존기체 분리장치에서 산소를 포함하는 용존기체를 재분리하는 과정을 거치며, 이때, 입력단에 설치된 수중펌프의 동작으로 수압이 증가하므로, 이러한 수압을 갖는 물에 날숨을 혼합하기 위해서는 압축기가 요구되므로 분리장치의 무게와 부피 그리고 소비 전력이 증가하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 입력단의 압력을 감소시킴으로써 압축기를 사용하지 않고도 날숨을 물에 혼합하는 구조를 갖는 것이 특징이다. 실험을 통해 압축기를 사용하지 않고 날숨이 입력단의 물에 혼합되는 것이 가능함을 제시하였으며, 날숨이 입력단에 공급된 후 분리장치를 통해 분리된 기체의 분리특성을 제시하였다. 날숨을 사용함으로써 용존기체의 분리량이 크게 증가하였으며, 공급되는 날숨의 유량이 증가하면 분리되는 용존 기체의 양도 증가하였다.