• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1999

This study has investigated the growing features and vegetation of Acanthopanax chiisanensis and Acanthopanax koreanum in Mt. Jiri and Halla from Sep. 1997 to Aug. 1998. As to Acanthopanax chiisanensis, it occupied surrounding areas of Nogodan in Mt. Jiri of the height of 1,507m, ImgeolyoungJae of 1,300m and the Mt. Halla. of 1,100m of There were rather high constancy degree with Quercus mongolica, Schizandra chinensis, Hydrangen serrate for. acuminata, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Actaea asiatica, Thalictrum filamentosum, Abies koreana, Arundinella hirta from the sorts. The common species in Mt. Jiri and Halla are Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Callicarpa japonica, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Acer mono, Ligularia fischeri, Disporum smilacinum, Viola acuminata Aconitum kusnezofii. On the other hand, concerning of Acanthopanax koreanum community, it possessed the small areas of wedo weoltae village in Chejudo. In this area, a liana e.g. Dioscorea tenuipes, Hedera rhombea, Lygodium japonicum, Akebia quinata, Vitis thunbergii, Dunbaria villosa, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Vitis amurensis, Paederia scandens, lives with Pinux thunbergii, Celtis aurantiaca, Mallotus japonicus and so forth in tree layer and subtree layer. There is artificial change no move in the researching sites, Acanthopanax chiixanensis will be transformed into Abies koreana - Acanthopanax chiisanensis community. Soil characteristics showed the high value such as pH 6.56 and conductivity 0.258mmho/cm in Acanthopanax koreanum community of Mt. Jiri, they also indicated digit as follows: the content of organic matter and total nitrogen are from 25.16 through 25.35% and 7.58 through 9.30mg/g respectably. The soil characteristics at Acanthopanax chiisanensis community in Mt. Jiri and Halla, was high as like pH 5.76, conductivity 0.238mmho/cm, total nitrogen 9.30mg/g, total phosphorus 0.126mg/g in Mt. Halla.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.261-273
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• 2010

This study intended to investigate the environmental factors including soil and vegetation in order to understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of seven different habitats of Viola websteri. These habitats, according to investigations, are mostly located on the slope of mountains facing north at an altitude of 343 m to 991 m above sea level with angle of inclination from 1 degree to 33 degrees. The type of soil is mostly sandy loam and the average field capacity of soil is 28.97%. Their average organic matter is 16.63%, soil pH 5.62, and available phosphorus is 14.75%. A total of 133 vascular plants are identified in 18 quadrates of seven habitats. Dominant species of woody plants in seven habitats are represented as Acer pictum subsp. mono and Quercus mongolica in tree layer, and Acer pictum subsp. mono in subtree layer. Importance value of Viola websteri is 9.66%, as regards the herbaceous layer, and five highly ranked species such as Meehania urticifolia(8.53%), Pseudostellaria heterophylla(6.51%), Hylomecon vernalis(5.15%), Oxalis obtriangulata (4.52%), and Pseudostellaria davidii(4.15%) are considered to be an affinity with Viola websteri in their habitats. The degree of their average species diversity is 1.32, and that of dominance and evenness are 0.08 and 0.89, respectively. Correlation coefficients analysis based on environmental factors, vegetation and soil analysis shows that the coverage of Viola websteri is correlated with silt and sand ratio, and coverage of tree layers are correlated with species richness and altitude. Cluster analysis based on vegetation structure of each habitats are forms a three groups.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 2016

This study aimed to analyze the vegetation characteristics of the coastal forests and to figure out if there is possibilities to develop the forests into mixed stand multistory forests and to suggest some sound management practices. The vegetat- ion structure and flora of four sites; Kijipo, Chunjangdae, Janghang and Kusipo in the west coastal forests in Korea were investigated and analyzed in the present study. In the every site, Pinus thunbergii was dominating the tree layer in the forests. And P. densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, Q. acutissima and Castanea crenata were dominating the subtree layers in some sites. P. thunbergii stands in four sites would maintain for a while since the populat- ion density of middle aged group is higher than those of young and old groups. According to the geographical location conditions, there is a possibility that the coastal forests in Kusipo site would progress into oak tree stands in the long run. The biodiversity was quite high to have 205 taxa in the study sites. To induce the coastal forests into multistory forests, P. thunbergii stands need to be thinned. And then creating the environment including making some pathways and site usage rest-riction is needed to let new diverse plants could come in and grow for a success-ful multistory forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2004

The valley forests at Songgyesa-Motbong-Wolhatan Area in Deogyusan National Park were studied to investigate forest structure in relation to aspect and altitude of the slope. Density, mean DBH, mean height and basal area of the tree and subtree layers in the north-facing slope were greater than those in the south-facing slope. The impotance percentage of Fraxinus mandshurica and Carpinus cordata increased with increasing elevation while those of Quercus serrata and Quercus aliena decreased. Species diversity of the north-facing slope was 1.362 and that of the south-facing slope was 1.242. There was a tendency that number of species and species diversity decreased with increasing elevation. The result of cluster analysis for the tree and sub-tree layer indicated that the studied forests were classified into broad-leaved tree species community at the low and middle elevation belts of the south-facing slope and the north-facing slope, Fraxinus mandshurica-Quercus mongolica community at the high elevation belts of the south-facing slope and the north-facing slope and Quercus mongolica community at the top area. There were significantly positive correlations in the importance percentages among Quercus serrata, Betuzo davurica and Tilia amurensis. Carpinus laxiflora was significantly correlated with Cornus controversa, Tilia amurensis and Lindera obtusiloba. There was significantly negative correlation between Fraxinus mandshurica and Pinus densiflora.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 1995

To investigate plant community structure of Uiryung valley, Harujae valley, Kugi valley, Songchu valley, Tobongsan valley in Bukhansan National Park, each thirty eight, forty, twenty six. twenty eight, thirty six plots (plot size 100$m^2$) were set up and surveyed. The surveyed data were integrated and classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into nine groups in seventy nine plots by TWINBPAN and the dividing groups were Carpinus laxiflora community(I), Quercus mongolica community(II), Pinus densiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora community(IV) Q. mongolica-Q. serrata- Prunus sargentii community(V), Q. mongolica Q. variabilis community(Ⅵ), Robinia pseudoacacia-Q. serrata community(Ⅶ). P. rigida-Q. serrata community(Ⅷ), Q. mongolica- Q. variabilis- Styrax obassia community(Ⅸ). So the successional trends of tree species at the natural forest seem to be from P. densiflora to Q. mongolica and at the artificial forest seem to be from R. pseudoacacia, P. rigida to Q. acutissima, Fraxinus rhynchophylla in canopy layer And in the subtree and shrub layer, it wag supposed that from Deotzia prunifolia, Rhus trichocarpa. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhasleilse, Euonymus oxyphyllous to Magnolia sieboldii, Acer psuedo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. In comparing successional trends with past study, it was postulated that successtion is not progressed by human disturbance and soil acidification by the air pollution.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The habitats characteristics of Polypodium vulgare L. in Ulleung-do were investigated to compile basic data for conservation and restoration. Natural habitats were located at altitudes of 410~748m with inclinations of $12{\sim}80^{\circ}$. Sixty six vascular plants were identified from 10 quadrats in 4 habitats. Dominant species among the woody plants, based on importance value, were Acer pictum subsp. mono(49.52%) in the tree (T1) layer, Sorbus amurensis(28.99%) in the subtree (T2) and Schizophragma hydrangeoides(51.99%), Ligustrum foliosum(8.82%), Fagus engleriana(7.25%) in the shrub (S) layer. Importance value for members of the herb (H) layer were as follows: Polypodium vulgare 23.23%; Maianthemum dilatatum 9.65%; Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica 9.23%; Dryopteris crassirhizoma 8.40%; Carex shimidzensis 6.75% and Dystaenia takesimana 5.42%. The importance value of the last five species were high, so they were at affinity with Polypodium vulgare in their habitats. Species diversity was 1.18, and dominance and evenness were found to be 0.11 and 0.84, respectively. The soil types were sandy loam. Average field capacity was 30.42%, and the organic matter and pH were 17.95%, and 4.70. Correlation coefficients based on environmental factors, vegetation and soil analysis were showed that positive correlations between species diversity and species richness, whereas between species diversity and dominance, coverage of Polypodium vulgare and species richness were showed negative correlations.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.135-144
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• 2010

This study intended to investigate environmental factors including soil and vegetation in order to understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of four different habitats of Abelia tyaihyoni. These habitats, according to investigations, are mostly located at elevations of 203 m to 297 m with angles of inclination ranging from 9 degrees to 17 degrees. The litter depth of habitats is 2 cm to 5 cm. A total of 113 vascular plant taxa are identified in seven quadrates of the four habitats. The life form of 113 species is H-$D_4$-$R_5$-e type. The importance value of Abelia tyaihyoni is 39.61%, and 4 highly ranked species such as Quercus dentata (6.27%), Spiraea blumei, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora (4.04%) and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (3.84%) are considered to be an affinity with Abelia tyaihyoni in their habitats. The dominant species of woody plants in the four habitats are represented as Pinus densiflora (21.22%) and Quercus dentata (16.82%) in the subtree layer (T2), and Carex humilis var. nana (18.95%) and Carex lanceolata (17.63%) in the herbaceous layer (H). The degree of their average species diversity is 1.42, and that of dominance and evenness are 0.07 and 0.86, respectively. The type of soil is sandy loam, clay loam and loam, and the average field capacity of soil is 22.49%. Their average organic matter is 9.39%, soil pH 6.75, and available phosphorus is $1.23 {\mu}g/g$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.457-464
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• 2003

A valley forest in Sangbuun area at Jirisan National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 726m to 1,090m and part of the slope, and vegetation analysis for the woody species in the tree and subtree layers were carried out. With increasing elevation belt, mean DBH, height and basal area of the trees in the tree layer increased while their density decreased. This trends may be caused by the disturbance which was relatively severe in the low elevation area. As elevation increased, the importance percentages of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica increased while those of Styyax japonicus, Carpinus laxiflora and Pinus densiflora decreased. The importance percentages of Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance percentages of Acer mono and Corlus heterophylla var. thunbergii. Number of species and species diversity decreased as increasing elevation and going from lower part to upper part of the slope. According to importance percentage and cluster analysis, the valley forest was classified into three forest communities of Quercus serrata-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at low elevation belt, middle elevation belt and middle and upper parts of the slope at high elevation belt, Pinus dnsiflora-Quercus serrata community in middle and upper parts at low elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-broad-leaved tree species community in lower part of the slope at high elevation belt and top area.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.254-263
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• 2009

The distribution and habitat characteristics of Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai were investigated to compile basic data for conservation and restoration. The species Echinosophora koreensis is distributed within fourteen regions of the Korean Province of Gangwon, including Yanggu-gun, Inje-gun, Cheorwon-gun, Chuncheon-si and Hongcheon-gun. Natural habitats were located at altitudes of 192-626 m, with inclinations of $1-45^{\circ}$. One hundred and fifty seven vascular plant taxa were identified from 42 quadrats in 14 habitats. Dominant species among the woody plants, based on importance value, were Pinus densiflora and Quercus dentata in the tree (T1) layer, Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica in subtree (T2) layer, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Prunus sargentii, Zanthoxylum schinifilium, and Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in the shrub (S) layer. Importance values for members of the herb layer were: Echinosophora koreensis 28.34%; Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum 10.21%; Spodiopogon sibiricus 7.60%; Atractylodes ovata 4.77% and Carex lanceolata 4.13%. The importance values of the last four species were high, so they were at affinity with Echinosophora koreensis in their habitats. Average species diversity was 1.03, and evenness and dominance were found to be 0.82 and 0.16, respectively. The soil types were sandy loam and loam. Average field capacity was 13.28%, and the organic matter and soil pH were 6.70% and 5.77, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-57
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• 2016

This study was focused on the northernmost limit of the distribution changing of Daphniphyllum macropodum and studied characteristic of plant communities of natural monument No. 91 in Najangsan national park, Korea. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The highest importance percentage(I.P.) value at tree layer in Quercus. mongolica community was Q. mongolica, 37.8%. But the highest value of mean importance percentage(M.I.P.) was D. macropodum, 32.8%. 2. The highest I.P. value at tree layer in Carpinus laxiflora community was C. laxiflora, 47.4%. The highest M.I.P. value was C. laxiflora, 28.8% and M.I.P. value of D. macropodum was 24.0%. 3. The highest I.P. value at tree layer in D. macropodum community was D. macropodum, 55.6%. C. laxiflora and Q. mogolica I.P. value was 14.8% and 6.8%, respectively. The highest M.I.P. value was D. macropodum, 47.9%. Sapium japonicum and C. laxiflora M.I.P. value was 11.4% and 10.7%, respectively. 4. The highest I.P. value at tree layer in Quercus variabilis community was C. laxiflora, 20.8%. Q. variabilis and Acer pseudosieboldianum I.P. value was 15.3% and 12.5%, respectively. The highest M.I.P. value was D. macropodum, 21.5%. It needs to the continuous monitoring of vegetation and importance percentage change in tree layer and subtree layer of D. macropodum. The researching results of D. macropodum distribution, the distribution range of D. macropodum showed expanded more than range of Lim and Oh' result(1999). In other words, it was distributed low density level between Najangsa temple and Byeokryeonam, and distributed in upper Keumsun waterfall and Wonjeok upper valley. D. macropodum was appeared on hiking trails around from Wonjeokam to Bulchulbong. Especially, it was found in this study that D. macropodum was distributed on Seoraebong's north which placed outside area of Naejangsa region. In this study, it was considered that distribution range of D. macropodum was expanded. Also, it is expected to be used as a result of the field study of changing distribution study of broad leaved evergreen forest due to global warming.