• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1994

Substance P[SP] has been known to be a peptide which may be plays a role as a neurotransmitter in central nervous system as well as peripheral autonomic nervous system. It has been reported that SP was widely distributed in the nerve of the tracheal smooth muscle and induced the muscle contraction. However, definite action mechanism of SP in the tracheal smooth muscle was not clear, yet. Thus, present experiment was performed to elucidate an effect of substance P and an action mechanism on contraction of the smooth muscle in rabbits. In order to find a neural mechanism to the effect of SP on the tracheal smooth muscle contraction, atropine sulfate, tetrodotoxin, propranol and phentolamine were administered at 10 min before the addition of SP. Otherwise,to find effect of SP antagonists on the action of SP, [D-Pro2, D-Try7,9]SP, [D-Arg1, D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9, Leu11]SP and [D-Pro4, D-Trp7,9]SP were administered as a same fashion. These following results were obtained. 1] SP induced contraction of the tracheal smooth muscle under resting condition and the contraction was increased dose-dependently. 2] Cholinergic blocker[atropine], neural blocker[tetrodotoxin] and adrenergic blocker[propranol and phentolamine] didn`t have an effect on the contractile response. 3] Three SP antagonists inhibited the contractile response. 4] Isoproterenol relaxed the contraction induced by SP. The above results suggested that SP induced contraction of the tracheal smooth muscle directly act to the smooth muscle in rabbits. The autonomic nervous system did not seem to participate in the SP action.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.409-418
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• 2003

본 연구는 치수 염증 시 IL-8과 MCP-1 분비에서 neuropeptide의 역할에 대해 관찰하고자 발거된 건전한 치아를 수직 파절시켜 치수조직을 채취하여 배양된 치수세포 및 혈관내피세포(ECV 304세포)를 각기 다른 농도의 Substance P(SP)로 12시간 자극하였고, 24시간 동안 4시간 간격으로 시간대별로 자극하였으며, 또 치수세포를 Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)로 12시간 자극하였다. 이들 세포를 SP길항제 (Spantide)로 15분간 차단한 후 SP로 12시간 재 자극하였으며, SP와 CGRP혼합액을 12시간 자극하였다. 상기의 실험 후 부유물로 ELISA를 시행하여 IL-8과 MCP-1의 분비 량을 측정하였다. 치수세포는 SP로 자극 시 IL-8이 현저히 증가한 반면, CGRP는 효과가 없었으며, SP와 CGRP를 혼합자극 시 시너지 효과 또한 없었고, Spantide는 치수세포의 IL-8과 MCP-1의 분비를 차단시켰다. 치수세포를 SP로 24시간 동안 4시간 간격으로 자극 시 8시간 후 최대의 IL-8은 분비량 나타내었으며, 8시간과 12시간 사이에서 최대의 MCP-1 분비량을 나타내었다. ECV 304세포를 SP로 자극 시 IL-8과 MCP-1 분비량이 미약하게 증가하였으며, Spantide는 ECV 304세포의 IL-8과 MCP-1 분비를 억제시켰다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.719-726
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• 1997

Dorsal root ganglion(DRG) cells are primary sensory neurons which contain some biologically active neuropeptides which play a role as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. This study was performed to observe normal distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactive cells and colocalization of CGRP and SP in a single DRG cell of the lumbar DRGs($L_1{\sim}L_6$) in the Wistar Kyoto(WKY) rat by immunohistochemistry. About 55.8% of DRG cells contained CGRP-immunoreactivity, while about 12.7% of DRG cells showed SP-immunoreactivity. There was no significant difference in percentage of each neuropeptied-immunoreactive cells between each neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells between each levels of DRGs ($L_1{\sim}L_6$) (p>0.01). In size distribution, CGRP-immunoreactive cells were identified below $1,500{\mu}m^2$; SP-immunoreactive cells below $600{\mu}m^2$. In serial sections, about 86.7% of the SP immunoreactive cells contained CGRP immunoreactivity.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 1996

The larynx has three major functions such as protective reflex, respiration and phonation, and is richly innervated by sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The sensory innervation of the laryngeal mucosa, which is involved in the perception of pain, mechanical and chemical irritation, prtects the airway via various laryngeal reflexes. We studied the distribution of Substance P (SP) and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) sensory fibers in the rat's larynx using the immuno-histochemical methods. Many SP and CGRP immunoreactive fibers were found in all regions of the laryngeal mucosa except the vocal cords. SP immunoreactive fibers showed a very similar distribution to the CGRP fibers in the epithelium and submucosa. But SP immunoreactive fibers were sparser than CGRP immunoreactive fibers in distribution density. Both reactive fibers were denser in the supraglottic region than subglottic region. Especially, intraepithelial fibers displayed the densest innervation to the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis. h the subepithelium, SP and CGRP immunoreactive fibers were distributed along the wall of vessels and around the glands. The present results suggest that the regional distribution of SP and CGRP immunoreactivity may be responsible for the protective reflex function of the laryngeal inlet.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.326-335
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• 1996

Background: Though a number of studies have described the distribution of substance P(SP)-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord, they have been focused on lamina I and II of the dorsal horn and there are little morphological studies on the topographic distribution and ultrastructure of the SP immunoreactive neurons especially in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. this study was conducted to identify distribution pattern of SP immunoreactive neurons and to difine the synaptic organization of their processes in ventral horn of the thoracic cord of the cat by preembbeding immunocytochemical method using SP antiserum. Methods: Five adults cats of either sex were used and deeply anesthetized by intramuscular injection of ketamine. After removal of the spinal cord, samples of thoracic cord were taken and placed in fresh fixative at $4^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Transverse sections $50{\mu}m$ thick were processed using the preembbeding immunocytochemical method and incubated consecutively in the specific primary antibody and the 10% normal goat serum, the rabbit anti-substance P antiserum, the biotin-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG and finally the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex. The processed tissue sections were throughly washed and stained in the black with 1% uranyl acetate. Section were examined on a electron microscope. Results: 1) SP immunoreactive neurons were observed in the gray matter around central canal. 2) In lamina I and II SP immunoreactivity was observed in both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers, but in ventral horn only in the unmyelinated nerve fibers. 3) SP immunoreactive axon terminals with small round and large dense core vesicles made chemical synapses onto the dendrites of motor neurons in the ventral horn. Conclusion: SP immunoreactive neurons might play an important role in modulation of motor neurons in the ventral horn of the thoracic cord of the cat.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.143-147
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• 2005

Relationship between structure and biological activity was performed using the five substance P-related peptides (SPRPs) [mammalian-SP (M-SP), cod-SP (C-SP), trout-SP (T-SP), lungfish-SP (L-SP) and Ranakinin] and four SP analogs [[$His^5$]-SP (5H-SP), [$Gly^5$]-SP (5G-SP), ($Ile^8$)-SP (8I-SP) and ($Trp^8$)-Ranakinin (8W-Ranakinin)]. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that all of the peptides took an unordered structure in buffer solution and artificial liposomes. However, 8W-Ranakinin undergoes conformational changes by being transferred into neutral and acidic liposomes from an unordered structure to more ordered structure. The arterial relaxing effect of the peptides was also studied with guinea-pig aorta (GPA), As a result of the studies, L-SP was about 14-fold more potant than M-SP. The order of potency compared to $EC_{50}$ value was $L-SP{\gg}M-SP>5G-SP{\ge}8I-SP>5H-SP>T-SP$, C-SP, Ranakinin, 8W-Ranakinin.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of substance P (SP) in an animal model of neuropathic pain. An experimental model of neuropathic pain, the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, was established using ICR mice. An intravenous (i.v.) injection of SP (1 nmole/kg) was administered to the mice to examine the analgesic effects of systemic SP on neuropathic pain. Behavioral testing and immunostaining was performed following treatment of the CCI model with SP. SP attenuated mechanical allodynia in a time-dependent manner, beginning at 1 h following administration, peaking at 1 day post-injection, and decaying by 3 days post-injection. The second injection of SP also increased the threshold of mechanical allodynia, with the effects peaking on day 1 and decaying by day 3. A reduction in phospho-ERK and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accompanied the attenuation of mechanical allodynia. We have shown for the first time that i.v. administration of substance P attenuated mechanical allodynia in the maintenance phase of neuropathic pain using von Frey's test, and simultaneously reduced levels of phospho-ERK and GFAP, which are representative biochemical markers of neuropathic pain. Importantly, glial cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (L4-L5) of SP-treated CCI mice, expressed the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, which was not seen in vehicle saline-treated mice. Thus, i.v. administration of substance P may be beneficial for improving the treatment of patients with neuropathic pain, since it decreases the activity of nociceptive factors and increases the expression of anti-nociceptive factors.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.743-748
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• 2013

The temperature dependence of the partition coefficients of a neuropeptide, substance P (SP), in isotropic acidic bicelles was investigated by using a pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance diffusion technique. The addition of negatively charged dimyristoylphosphatidylserine to the neutral bicelle changed the SP partitioning a little, which implies that the hydrophobic interaction between the hydrophobic residues of SP and the acyl chains of lipid molecules is the major interaction while the electrostatic interaction is minor in SP binding in a lipid membrane. From the temperature dependence of the partition coefficients, thermodynamic functions were calculated. The partitioning of SP into the acidic bicelles is enthalpy-driven, as it is for small unilamellar vesicles and dodecylphosphocholine micelles, while peptide partitioning into a large unilamellar vesicle is entropy-driven. This may mean that the size of lipid membranes is a more important factor for peptide binding than the surface curvature and surface charge density.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.239-250
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of low power laser irradiation on Substance P(SP) expression in the burned skin of the rats. Burns of about 3cm in diameter were created with $75^{\cric}C$ water on the back of the rats, and the lesion of experimental group were irradiated on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 postwounding. Control leasions were not irradiated. After burns, low power laser irradiation was applied by using 1000Hz, 830nm GaAlAs(Gallium-aluminum-arsenide) semiconductor diode laser. The expression of evaluated Substance P(SP) immunohistochemistry on rabbit anti-SP The results of this study wereas follows 1. The Substance P was expressed in the lamina I and II of dorsal horn of spinal cord. In expression of SP, the lesion of control group made SP to more induce significantly than experimental leasions. 2. SP immunoreactivity in burned leasion of spinal cord were decreased markedly 4 days after burns, and decreased gradually from 1 day to 2 days in burns which is laser irradiation These data suggest that low power laser have a pain release effect in the burned skin of the rats.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1993.05a
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• pp.68-68
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• 1993

Immunohistochemistry combined with electron microscopy was employed to investigate the distribution of substance P -immunoreactive(SP-IR) nerve fibers in the tracheal submucosal gland of cats. SP-IR nerve fibers were found to form network around the glands. Numerous varicosities were also detected within the basement membrane of the acini and secretory tubules. All the intraglandular varicosities showed close spatial contact with serous cells, mucous cells and myoepithelial cells. Our findings suggest that SP-induced mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands in cats may be caused not only by glandular contractile response of myoepithelial cells but also by direct stimulation to both serous and mucous cells.