• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.243-265
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to figure out how a child, as an active responder, responds to the characters of fantastic picture books by analyzing the child's questions and comments through the reading aloud approach. The subjects of this study are fifty-four children under five years old. Nine fantastic picture books are used as the study materials. The contents of the analysis are the frequency of children's questions and comments, the types of responses and the reasons of preferences to the characters. The results of the analysis are as follows: Firstly, the frequency of comments is three times higher than the frequency of questions. Secondly, the frequency of "evaluative questions" is the highest and "imaginative questions" is the next highest. The frequency of "transparent questions" and "personal questions" are comparatively low. Thirdly, most of the children answered that the reason of preference of the characters was "the character's appearance" and then "their subjective feeling to the character", "the character's role" and "the character's characteristics" in that order. Only one child answered that it was "the character's gender." This study will contribute to the planning and implementation of the strategies of reading picture books and to the strategic study to improve children's responses as well.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.386-394
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate how employed dental hygienists (graduates) and alumni are aware of dental health insurance and how to organize their classes for running efficient dental health insurance courses, and therefore to suggest opinions on the introduction of professional dental hygienist qualifications. The analyses was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0. Sixty-nine students (56.1%) preferred one semester dental health insurance course as two semester courses and 63 students (51.2%) preferred theoretical course as practical course. Ninety-six (78%) students preferred dental health insurance claimants as others for their most necessary certification. Ninety-three dentists (75.6%) thought of the dental hygienist as the appropriate occupation for dental health insurance claims. The correlation coefficient was significant at the 0.01 level (both sides) and all showed a positive correlation. The effect of subjective understanding of dental health insurance and the perception of dental health insurance claim on students' intention to complete those courses explained 32% of the response, and the effect of the intention to complete those courses on the willingness to earn a certificate explained 22.3%. This study reveals the willingness of students to complete those courses to acquire qualifications in order to achieve a competitive advantage in employment, and suggests the necessity of institutional improvements such as changing the method of dental insurance education, varying the class time distribution, and introducing dental health insurance professional dental hygienist qualification in the country.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1253-1253
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• 2001

The ability to accurately assess wine quality is important during the wine making process, particularly when allocating batches of wines to styles determined by consumer requirements. Grape payments are often determined by the quality category of the wine that is produced from them. Wine quality, in terms of sensory characteristics, is normally a subjective measure, performed by experienced winemakers, wine competition judges or winetasting panellists. By nature, such assessments can be biased by individual preferences and may be subject to day-to-day variation. Taste and aroma compounds are often present in concentrations below the detection limit of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy but the more abundant organic compounds offer potential for objective quality grading by this technique. Samples were drawn from one of Australia's major wine shows and from BRL Hardy's post-vintage wine quality allocation tastings. The samples were scanned in transmission mode with a FOSS NIR Systems 6500, over the wavelength range 400-2500 ㎚. Data analysis was performed with the Vision chemometrics package. With samples from the allocation tastings, the best correlations between NIR spectra and tasting data were obtained with dry red wines. These calibrations used loadings in the wavelengths related to anthocyanins, ethanol and possibly tannins. Anthocyanins are a group of compounds responsible for colour in red wines - restricting the wavelengths to those relating to anthocyanins produced calibrations of similar accuracy to those using the full wavelength range. This was particularly marked with Merlot, a variety that tends to have relatively lower anthocyanin levels than Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. For dry white wines, calibrations appeared to be more dependent on ethanol characteristics of the spectrum, implying that quality correlated with fruit maturity. The correlations between NIR spectra and sensory data obtained using the wine show samples were less significant in general. This may be related to the fact that within most classes in the show, the samples may span vintages, glowing areas and winemaking styles, even though they may be made from only one grape variety. For dry red wines, the best calibrations were obtained with a class of Pinot Noir - a variety that tends to be produced in limited areas in Australia and would represent the least matrix variation. Good correlations were obtained with a tawny port class - these wines are sweet, fortified wines, that are aged for long periods in wooden barrels. During the ageing process Maillard browning compounds are formed and the water is lost through the barrels in preference to ethanol, producing “concentrated” darkly coloured wines with high alcohol content. These calibrations indicated heaviest loadings in the water regions of the spectrum, suggesting that “concentration” of the wines was important, whilst the visible and alcohol regions of the spectrum also featured as important factors. NIR calibrations based on sensory scores will always be difficult to obtain due to variation between individual winetasters. Nevertheless, these results warrant further investigation and may provide valuable Insight into the main parameters affecting wine quality.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to investigate visual performance and subjective satisfaction with multifocal soft contact lenses at near works in university students. Methods: In a cross-over study design, 26 students (6 male, 20 female) who did not have any ocular disorder with at least 20/20(1.0) binocular vision were fitted with singlevision lenses (SofLens$^{TM}59$, Bausch + Lomb Co. USA) or multifocal lenses (SofLens Multifocal, Bausch + Lomb Co. USA). After 2 weeks, visual performance assessments included visual acuity, stereoacuity and contrast sensitivity function at distance and near. Near point of accommodation, accommodative facility, near point of convergence, vergence facility and near range of clear vision at near were examined. Students' satisfaction and preference were measured using survey questionaries. Results: Subjects maintained at least 20/20 binocular vision with multifocal and single-vision lenses at distance and near. There was no difference between multifocal and single-vision lenses in stereoacuity, contrast sensitivity function and vergence facility at far and near. The near point of accommodation, accommodative facility, near point of convergence and the near range of clear vision with multifocal lenses were better than single-vision lenses. On the survey questionaries, subjects reported that they preferred and satisfied with multifocal lenses with near works, and single-vision lenses with distance works. Conclusions: The majority of university students preferred multifocal to single vision lenses because multifocal lenses provided better visual performance at near works. This study suggests that multifocal lens is helpful for young adult in prolonged near works.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.597-606
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• 2016

This is descriptive research to understand the constipation rate of elementary school students due to their differences in cognition of their eating habits, hours of exercise/physical activity, stress, and school restroom environment in accordance with the matter of constipation, as well as the factors related to the constipation rate. A total of 741 students (grade3-6) from six elementary schools in Jeollanam-do were targeted; the survey was conducted from April 30th to May 12th, 2014. The frequency, percentage, ${\chi}^2$ test, independent t-test, and bivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted. The constipation rate was 23.9%, and there were factors related to the constipation rate, such as restroom preference, matter of defecation during breaks, number of meals per day, number of breakfasts skipped, size of the meal, hours of institute class, hours of internet use, stress, and cognition of school restroom environment. In particular, students with 'high' stress had a 5.44 times higher rate of constipation than students with 'low' stress. As subjective symptoms are limited in diagnosing constipation, a detailed medical examination and physical checkup should be included in the process of understanding the constipation rate, as well as in education and management to prevent elementary school students from having constipation.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.43-63
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• 2015

Quality of the library service, because it is based on the subjective meaning of the user for a particular service, depending on the individual expectation level, can be divided between satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Therefore, library services that are performed in public libraries also ultimately assessment of library services may influence based on the expected value of the user. This study is a satisfaction survey of library services to the public library of Goyang. Overall satisfaction of Public Library of Goyang in this study are in the following orders: 1) facility, 2) cultural programs and courses, 3) librarian kindness, 4) collections. To understand the specific meaning of each preference, it was analyzed in the followings: 1) the expectation level to the library space, 2) expectation level to librarians, 3) new service the users desire, 4) service the users want, etc. by age and occupation. As the age of the user increases, the demand for traditional library usage increased. In addition, services that utilize the same library external resources and utilization of external lecturer is like finding employment and art courses, expectation level of users such as reading course to utilize library resources was the highest.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 2014

The skin is an organ that covers the outside of the human body. And it regulates body temperature, performs sensory function, deliveries the drug, and represents the abnormality of the internal organs. For these reasons, people have been expressing the condition of the body based on the state of the skin of the face to detect sign of health, "you look well", "face with vitality". Depending on the degree of aging and the environment, it is a fact that skin color, skin texture, moisture and firmness could be different. In particular, the color of the skin acts as a factor that affects to determine the subjective impression such as beauty and charm. We could expect consumer's demand through the market of whitening cosmetics and skin treatment. However, existing most of the cosmetics focus on improving whiteness. The number of studies that focused on skin color is not enough. In this study, we found out the skin color condition by carrying out surveys of 100 women between 30s and 40s. Our study would be very useful to develop new cosmetic products and to satisfy customer's needs.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 2015

Objective: This study aims to develop and scientifically investigate the efficacy of the Spine S-curve Reactive Backrest that responds to the spine curvature of the user when seated, and maintains and enhances the natural S-curve of the lower back, thereby helping to relieve fatigue, correct posture and prevent spine deformities. Background: The focus of current development, design guidelines and/or standards for office chairs is mainly placed on the chair's dimensions, incline angle, adjusting features and lumbar support. Research and development was called for developing a chair backrest that maintains and improves the S-curve of the full spine. Method: The Spine S-curve Reactive Backrest was ergonomically designed to maintain correct posture and enhance user comfort. When leaned on, the backrest responds to the user's spine line and the whole lower back sits closely against the backrest, thereby aligning the user's lower back and backrest as one to maintain and improve the natural S-curve formation of the spine. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the newly designed chair (new design) and the comparison target (chair), five male college students of standard body type with normal spine curvature were selected as test subjects, and a motion analyzer and electromyography were utilized to measure S-curve and erector spinae muscle activity when seated. Results: The spine S-curve was better maintained and improved when sitting in the new design than in the comparison chair. Particularly notable was the greater displacement gap of the thoracic spine than the cervical spine, and also that of the lumbar more than the thoracic spine, with the increase of the backrest tilting angle. Furthermore, the electromyogram results showed the new design caused a lower fatigue level of the erector spinae muscles compared to the comparison chair, and also earned a higher preference in the subjective opinion results. Conclusion: The newly designed chair in this study responds to the user's spine curvature and maintains and enhances the lower back's natural S-curve, and thereby relieves fatigue, promotes better posture, and helps to prevent spine deformities better than existing office chairs. There is a need to widely introduce and supply this new design. Application: The new design is applicable to office and student chairs, and is expected to improve concentration and work efficiency.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.37
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• pp.27-41
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• 2016

This study surveyed color awareness and color systems according to pedigree(Ilseob, Woljoo, Hyegak, Manbong ect.) targeting Dancheongjang (craftsman) who has inherited Dancheong (traditional multicolor). From the survey of color awareness, standardized color system of 'traditional color' awareness by Dancheongjang is 'the color inherited by the master' and it was identified that there is the standardized color system in awareness and its standard is either same or similar to traditional Dancheong. Also, according to each period, colors of Dancheong have been changed, it was thought that change in color materials and preference had went with times. From eleven main colors of Dancheong, chromaticity materials which were preferred by Dancheongjang were analyzed by the faction of Dancheongjang and colors and it resulted in a variety of color ranges over all. In the case of Yangnok, Noerok, Juhong it showed a high deviation with a wide color range while there was a low deviation with a narrow color range in Hayeop, Daja, Seokganju. Through this study it was difficult to identify clear correlations and tendencies of color system by the faction of Dancheongjangs. This is judged to be a reflection of the subjective artistry of the members.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.218-221
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• 2002

A total of 40 domestic-fed imported beef cattle were used to determine meat quality traits. Sirloin was taken from each 10 of Hereford, Angus, Hurray Grey(MG), Cross breed(Hereford$\times$Angus) and objective and subjective meat quality were assessed after a 7 days ageing(0$\pm$1$\^{C}$). Results showed that ultimate pH and fat hardness was not affected by breeds. MG showed a higher water holding capacity and consequently a lower cooking loss(%) than the other breeds(p<0.05). Angus sirloin was shown to be the toughest meat(assessed by WB-shear force), Hereford and MG resulted in the most tender meat(p<0.05). Objective meat color and sensory properties did not differ between the breeds. The current study indicated that the breeds had a similar characteristics in meat quality. However, further research on consumer preference including Hanwoo needs to be undertaken.