• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.51-58
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• 1998

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the postoperative success and stability of arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstructions using the central one third bone patellar tendon bone(BPB) autograft versus a quadrupled semitendinosus/gracilis(ST) autograft in patients with "isolated" ACL tears. Materials & Methods : A strict criteria to identify isolated ACL tears was used which included : no previous surgery, no other ligamentous injury, no history of patellofemoral symptoms, no patellofemoral malalignment, no meniscal pathology, no chondromalacia or chondral injury and no limitation of motion of the injured knee. 30 patients (15 BPB, 15 ST) with a mean age of 27.4 years were available for a mean follow up of 18 months (between 12 months and 26 months). Preoperatively, there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to age, sex and degree of laxity. Results : Postoperatively, we couldn't find significant differences between the two groups with respect to subjective Lysholm score, objective laxity including Lachman test, pivot shift test and KT-2000 measurements. Mean side to side difference of KT-2000 scores at 20lbs were 1.5mm for the BPB group and 1.4mm for the ST group. Positive Lachman test was found in 26.7% and 33.3% and positive pivot shift was found in 20% and 33.3% of the patients in the BPB and ST groups, respectively. Anterior knee pain (33.3%) was more common in the BPB group. There were 80% of the patients in both groups above nearly normal grade according to the IKDC grade. Conclusions : In patients with "isolated" ACL tears, the overall results, ligamentous stability for the patellar tendon and the quadrupled semitendinosus/gracilis were comparable. We consider that the quadrupled autogenous hamstring tendon is a good alternative substitute in ACL reconstruction together with the bone patellar tendon bone.

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2008

목적: 비매듭 금속 봉합 나사못(knotless metal suture anchor)을 이용한 관절경적 방카트(Bankart) 복원술의 임상적 및 방사선학적 결과를 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2001년 2월부터 2005년 1월까지 비매듭 봉합 나사못을 이용하여 관절경적 방카트 복원술을 시행하였고 1년 이상 추시 가능했던 68예를 대상으로 하였다. 술 후 평균 추시 기간은 34개월이었다. 평가는 Rowe score, 관절 운동 범위, 주관적 시각 척도(VAS)에 의한 통증 정도를 측정하였으며 수술 전 후 방사선학적 결과와 비교하였다. 결과: Rowe scoring system에서 술 전 43.3에서 술 후 95.6로 평가되었다. 관절운동범위는 최종 추시시 정상 팔에 비해서 거의 차이는 없었다. 주관적 시각 척도에 의한 통증의 정도는 술 전 3.3에서 술 후 0.5로 측정되었다. 방사성 저음영선은 약 15예에서 관찰되었다. 15예 중 2예에서 재탈구 및 나사못 관절병증으로 재수술을 시행하였고 Odds Ratio상 2.6배의 견관절 불안정성을 호소하였다. 결론: 비매듭 봉합 나사못을 이용한 방카트 복원술은 유용한 방법이나 외래 추시 중 나타나는 나사못 주위의 방사성 저음영선은 불량한 예후를 암시할 수 있기 때문에 주의가 필요하겠다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.340-350
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• 2011

1. Objectives: This clinical study was conducted to understand the differences between Sasang constitutional types and to identify the physical symptoms presentation specific to each Sasang constitutional type. 2. Methods: In this descriptive study, 2,629 subjects (1,061 Taeeum-type, 683 Soeum-type, 885 Soyang-type) were surveyed between Nov 1, 2007 and Jul 31, 2010. The subjective symptoms experienced by the subjects were collected using a Physical Symptoms questionnaire, and the subjects were interviewed by Sasang specialists who determined the subjects' constitutional type. The data (in crude number and percentage) was analyzed on the general characteristics, Sasang constitutional type, and physical symptoms using the SPSS 17.0 software. The symptomatic presentation in men and women were analyzed on Sasang constitutional distribution using the chi-square test. 3. Results: 1) The physical symptoms specific to each Sasang constitutional type were as follows: 'frequent aphthous lesions in the oral cavity', 'lingering fatigue after sleep', 'headache', 'common cold symptoms presenting as loss of appetite or indigestion', and 'physical deterioration presenting as problems with digestion' in the Soeum type; 'physical deterioration presenting as problems in perspiration' and 'swelling and puffiness' in the Taeeum type; and 'excessive forgetfulness' in the Soyang type. 2) The physical symptoms specific to each Sasang constitutional type in men were as follows: 'Unilateral or bilateral headaches, 'frequent aphthous lesions in the oral cavity', 'common cold symptoms presenting as rhinorrhea or nasal congestion', 'common cold symptoms presenting as loss of appetite or indigestion', and 'physical deterioration presenting as problems with digestion' in the Soeum type; and 'swelling and puffiness' in the Taeeum type. 3) The physical symptoms specific to each Sasang constitutional type in women were as follows: 'common cold symptoms presenting as headaches', 'common cold symptoms presenting as loss of appetite or indigestion', 'physical deterioration presenting as problems with digestion' in the Soeum type; and 'pain in knees', 'redness of eyes', 'dryness of mouth', 'common cold symptoms presenting as coughing', 'physical deterioration presenting as problems in perspiration', 'swelling and puffiness' in the Taeeum type. 4. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that physical symptoms present in constitutional type-specific patterns. Understanding of the personal Sasang constitutional type and systematic, personalized healthcare based on constitutional typology is anticipated to contribute to improved health management strategy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.145-160
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• 2003

Objective : This study was designed to find out whether placebo auricular acupuncture is able to be constituted as an appropriate control group for needle insertion to Korean. Methods : We performed a randomized controlled, single-blind study(n=48) comparing subjective evaluations of needles insertion and avoidance of needles insertion. Both ears were needled concurrently, one real acupuncture(needle insertion) and the other placebo acupuncture(avoidance of needle insertion with blunt tip). Subjects then completed a questionnaire rating the intensity of five sensations in each ear, and also attempted to identity which ear received placebo and which ear received real acupuncture. Results : As for the effects of real and placebo acupuncture on each item(Warmth, Fullness, Pain, Activity, Radiating), real acupuncture was significantly warmer, fuller, more painful than placebo acupuncture. In particular, the real acupuncture only in experienced acupuncture recipients was significantly warmer, fuller, more painful than placebo acupuncture. About the ability to differentiate real and placebo acupuncture, 54.2 percent correctly identified which ear received real acupuncture and which ear received placebo acupuncture. However, the ability to differentiate real and placebo acupuncture for naive and experienced acupuncture recipients was not significantly different. Conclusions : Most of the subjects(Korean) identified which ear received placebo and which ear received real acupuncture. We found that this placebo auricular acupuncture is not able to be applied to Korean, in particular for experienced acupuncture recipients. Further study is needed for new placebo auricular acupuncture or racial difference between American.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2000

목적 : 족 관절의 내외측 구에 병변을 갖는 환자를 대상으로 병변의 양상 및 관절경 치료 후 그 임상적 결과를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 총 366례의 족 관절경을 시행한 환자 중 족 관절 구에 병변을 갖고 있었던 76례(77 족관절)를 대상으로 하였으며, 족 관절 구의 병변은 비후성 반흔 조직, 유리체 및 골극으로 분류되었다. 병변은 관절경적 제거술이 가능하였으며, 이중 추시 관찰이 가능하였던 52명을 대상으로 치료의 결과를 판정하였으며, 추시 기간은 평균 44개월(2.9년-8.5년)이었다. 결과의 판정은 저자 등에 의한 방법으로 주관적 및 기능적인 평가를 하였으며, 각각의 지표에 대한 결과는 Wilcoxon rank sum method로 통계 처리하였다 결과 : 전체 족 관절경 중 족 관절 구에서 병변이 발견된 빈도는 $21\%$였다. 비후성 반흔 조직의 병변이 가장 많이 발견되었다 31례$(40\%)$에서 족 관절의 병변은 구에만 국한되어 있었으나, 46례$(60\%)$에서는 구 이외의 다른 부위에서도 병변이 동반되었다. 관절경적 치료후 통증, 부종, 강직, 파행 및 활동도에서 통계적으로 의의있는 호전을 보였다(p<0.001). 17례$(33\%)$는 고강도의 운동이 가능하였으며, 기능적으로도 이상이 없었다. 결론 : 족 관절 구는 만성 족 관절 통증에서 병변이 위치하는 중요한 부위로서, 족 관절경시 족 관절 구의 검사가 필수적이다 족 관절 구 증후군에 대한 관절경적 치료는 병변의 제거에 매우 유용하다고 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1996

연구목적: 폐하 흉막삼출액은 전형적인 흉막삼출액과는 달리 진단이 용이하지않고 병태 생리 및 임상 양상이 전형적인 흉막 삼출액과는 다론것으로 생각되어 폐하 흉막 삼출액의 조기진단에 도움이 되고자 연구하였다. 연구대상: 1990년 1월부터 1993년 12월 까지 국립의료원 흉부내피에 입원하였던 276예의 흉막염 환자와 이중 42예의 폐하 흉막염 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 결과: 1) 폐하 흉수환자의 평균연령은 34세, 남여비는 1:1이었다. 일반 흉수환자의 평균 연령은 38세 였다. 2) 폐하 흉수 및 일반흉수 모두에서 우측에 약간 호발하였다. 3) 폐하 흉수에서의 증상은 흉통(69%), 기침(31%), 호흡곤란(26%)의 순이었고 일반흉수에서는 흉통(70%), 호흡곤란(40%), 기침(35%)의 순이었다. 4) 입원전 증상의 발현기간은 폐하 흉수에서 좀더 긴 것으로 나타났으나 통제적 의의는 없었다. 5) 원인질환으로는 폐하 및 일반흉수 모두에서 결핵이 각각 21예(50%), 151예(65%)로 가장 많았으며 다음이 비특이성 흉막염 소견이 12예(28%)로 폐하흉수에서 많았다. 6) 퇴원 1년이내에 재발 하였던 경우는 폐하 흉수에서 8예(19%), 일반 흉부에서 42예(18%)가 재발 하였다. 결핵성 흉막염 환자중 폐하 흉수에서 1년이내의 재발이 일반 흉수 환자보다 많았다. 7) 폐하 흉수 및 일반흉수의 생화학적 검사치의 차이는 없었다. 결론: 폐하 흉막 삼출액과 일반 흉막삼출액 환자를 비교하였을 때 니이, 연령, 이환부위, 원인질환, 내원전 증상호소의 기간, 방사선소견에 의해 증명된 재발율, 그리고 기본 흉수검사등에 있어서는 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 단지 결핵성으로 증명이 되었던 환자들 중에서 폐하 흉수 소견을 보였던 경우 일반흉수의 소견을 보였던 경우보다는 약간 더 많은 재발율을 보이고 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to affect health improvement of adolescent, to understand behavioral causes follow adolescent's drug abuse, to understand recovery and rehabilitaton process of adolescent drug abuser. The data are collected through open questionnaire and interview of 25 adolescents from the experienced drug abuse 16 students(male 8, female 8) in two vocational high schools and admissing adolescents 9 person in Alcohol-Drug Addiction Care Centre in Seoul from June 28th to August 31st, 1994. The collected data are arranged and explained through categorizing method stated contents about motives, causes, experiences and effected behaviors for using the drugs of drug abuser adolescents. DRUG USING MOTIVATION They are almost first son and daughter in their family. In their conversation person, male converses to their mother well, but female does not converse to their parents include family. Both groups respond positively to companionship and attitude to other, but negatively to self-confidence and actualizing attitude. They hope always peace of family and want to do their best for their life. In school group, hard and difficult things are school life and family problems, also using the drugs for resolving the them. About drug using behaviors, male responds to bad habbit and shamfull, but female is unconcerned with drug using attitude. The first background of drug using, male gets to use because of curiosity and to be induced from friends or seniors, but female gets to use for feminine beauty(thin body) and escape from reality. Used the drugs, male uses frequently Bond, Butane-Gas among inhalation materials and also marijuana, but female uses various diuretics. The times of drug using, both groups repond to use during the chaging of emotion or filling with stress. The place of drug using, both groups take drugs in vacant houses or in the mountain. The frequency of drug using, they use almost once in a day and they use mostly alone or drug user in friends. Experienced mental changing after drug using, which is fantasy, ecstasy, anxiety and suicidal feeling, and experienced physical changing after drug using, which is elevating sense, headach, abdominal pain, dyspnea and chaging of skin colour and reddish. They coincide with inconvenience feeling due to drug using. RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION PROCESS OF DRUG USING ADOLESCENTS The reason for reforming drug using behavior and attitude, both groups respond to reforming for oneself and social life. The difficult things during the stop to using drugs, all of them responed to family problems, friends problems and temptation and impulse. As for stop to using drug, they need good advise, understandable attitude and family love. But they do not need to be stigmatized, scolding, over protect and ridicule of friends. Also they entreat continuous understanding, advise, concern and the method for resolving stress. For the friends to want to use the drug, they will talk about the stories of their personal experiences and for the friends to stop to using the drug, they will consider for them how to stop. From the theses results, drug users understand personal problems due to drug using, and consider about why to stop and how to stop. Also drug users need to resolve the family problems, personal problems, stress and temptations or impulses. Accordingly this paper suggests that drug users in adolescents need understandable and acceptable atitudes, loving and tenderness, continuous advice and concern, and hopes for life.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 1971

The conclusions were obtained from the detailed survey of 1,285 students experiencing menstruation, who were chosen among 1,717 students in middle & high school girls in Seoul. The survey was conducted during July 20-July 24, 1971. 1. Age of Menarche An average age of menarche was 13.3$\pm$1.07. The earliest age of menarche was 9 and the latest age 18. Ages of menarche were between 12 and 14 in 84.3 percent of the students surveyed. a. By present age distribution, the aged students were lower, than younger students in the average age of menarche. b. By father′s educational levels, among the students whose fathers were graduated from high schools, college & ever the earliest average age of menarche was found with 13.2, and among the students whose fathers were graduated from primary schools that wag latest with 13.6. c. By father′s occupations, among the students whose fathom engaged in "workers not classifiable"the earliest age of menarche was found with 12.5$\pm$0.27, among the students whose fathers were in "service business"the second was 12.9$\pm$1.07, and among the students whose fathers were in "miners, quarrymen and related workers"that was latest with 13.8$\pm$1.14. d. By economic status, among the students of "wealthy"families the age of menarche was 13.1$\pm$0.25, the among the students of "ordinary"families the lags of menarche 13.3$\pm$1.06. and the among the students of "poor" families that was 13.8$\pm$0.31. e. By home discipline, among the students being treated "rigid" the age of menarche was 13.5$\pm$1.13, among the students being treated "moderate"the age of menarche was 13.3$\pm$0.22, and those being treated "indifferent" that was 13.0$\pm$0.26. f. By students physical condition, among the students of "good" condition the average of menarche was 13.3$\pm$0.16, and among the students "poor" that was 13.5$\pm$0.31. 2. Menstruation a. For the six months after the average of menarche 39.0 percent of the students had normal menstruations, and 61.3 percent of them had abnormal ones. Of the students with abnormal menstruation 21.7 percent had abnormal menstruation from time to time, 25.4 percent had no menstruation for one month to three months, 7.2 percent had menstruation for four to six months and 6.7 per cent had no menstruation for more than sin months. Most students became to have normal menstruations a few months later the age of menarche. b. At the time interviewed, the percentile of cycle of menstruation as following: 23 days types: 46.8 percent 30 days types: 40.6 percent others : 12.6 percent The average cycle of menstruation was every 28.9 days. c. The average duration of menstruation is 4.69 days. d. The subjective symptoms during menstruation period: Out of the total 89.7 per cent had some pains, while 10.3 percent had no symptom. Among the symptoms, abdominal pain occupied 29.9 percent, neurotic symptoms 19.0 percent and lumbago 15.1 percent. e. By attitude or Action at first physical change, "Treated it by own experience" : 30.0 percent "Don′t know what to do because of ignorance" : 20.1 percent "Asked others about it" : 43.0 percent

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.181-186
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• 1995

자외선이 피부에 조사되면 다양한 피부반응을 초래한다. 이러한 반응은 크게 1) 급성 반응과 2) 만성반응으로 나눌 수 있다. 급성반응으로서는 피부가 붉어지는 홍반반응, 피부색이 검어지는 색소반응, 그리고 피부두께의 변화 등을 들 수 있다. 홍반반응은 피부의 주된 세포인 각질형 세포를 비롯하여 진피세포들이 광여하여 진피혈관을 확장시키는 반응을 말한다. 홍반반응은 자외선의 파장, 광량, 피부의 조건, 환경조건 등에 따라 달라지며 피부에는 각질형성세포가 변형된 일광화상세포가 출형한다. 홍반반응은 가장 흔한 주된 반응이나 그 기전에는 명확하지 않은 점이 아직도 많이 있다. 색소반응은 멜라닌세포가 관여하는 반응으로서 자외선 조사 후 즉시 피부가 검어지는 즉시세포침착과 수일 후 검어지는 지연색소침착으로 나눌 수 있다. 색소반응과 피부두께의 변화 등은 자외선 조사로부터 몸을 보호하기 위한 방어작용의 일종이다. 자외선 조사에 의한 만성반응으로는 광노화현상과 광 발암현상을 들 수 있다. 광노화란 장기간에 걸친 광노출로 인한 피부의 노화를 말하며 생리적인 노화와는 임상적, 조직학적으로 다른 점이 많다. 자외선의 장기노출은 피부암을 발생시키는 중요한 원인의 하나로서 우리나라도 피부암 발생이 점차 증가하고 있다. 서울대학교병원 피부과에서의 피부암 발생빈도는 70년대에는 외래환자의 0.2% 정도였으나 80년대에는 0.4-0.8%를 차지하고 있다. 앞으로 우리나라의 경제성장과 함께 수명의 증가, 레져나 스포츠의 증가, 피부노출의 증가와 함께 오존층 파괴로 인하여 피부에 조사되는 자외선의 절대량의 증가는 자외선에 의한 피부의 급 만성반응을 더욱 증가시킬 것으로 예상되며 이에 대한 적절한 대책이 요구된다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제68권2호
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• pp.131-160
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• 2016

본 연구는 2001~2015년까지 아동학대 사망사례 55건의 판결문(피고인 81명, 판결문 95건)에 제시된 가해자에 대한 양형 실태를 분석하였다. 주가해행위자에 대한 양형분석 결과, 집행유예 및 3년 미만의 비교적 경미한 처벌을 받은 경우가 약 40%였으며 선고형량이 법정형 하한 미만이거나 양형기준의 권고형량을 하한이탈한 판결의 비중이 높은 것으로 나타나 그동안 아동학대 사망사건 가해자에 대한 처벌수위가 매우 관대했던 것으로 분석되었다. 양형요소에 대한 분석 결과, '아동을 성실하게 양육해 온 점', '아동의 사망으로 인한 심적 고통, 죄책감', '훈육 목적 등 참작할만한 동기'와 같이 판사의 아동학대에 대한 인식이나 주관적 성향에 따라 달리 판단될 수 있는 양형요소가 형을 감경하는데 영향력이 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 방조자의 경우 피해아동의 사망을 방지할 수 있는 지위에 있었음에도 대부분 집행유예 또는 벌금형으로 매우 경미한 처벌을 받고 있음이 드러났다. 판결문에 대한 내용분석을 통해 초범, 우발적 범행, 친권자 및 양육자, 유족과의 합의, 훈육 등 그동안 아동학대 사망사건에서 관행적으로 언급되어 온 양형요소에 대한 재고찰이 필요함을 논의하고, 앞으로 판사들의 아동학대에 대한 교육 및 인식 개선, 아동학대 고유의 양형기준의 재정비가 필요함을 제언하였다.