• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.194-210
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• 2022

동중국해 북부와 경계를 이루는 황해 남동부 해역에 대해 무기탄소의 월별 재고와 변동을 초래하는 플럭스들을 상자 모형으로 모의하였다. 월별 용존무기탄소의 자료는 네 차례 계절을 대표하는 관측 결과에 최근 발표된 논문의 자료를 발췌하여 구성하였다. 연간 용존무기탄소(C_T)의 재고가 정상상태에 있으며 표층에서 이류에 의한 변동이 무시할 정도로 작다고 가정하고 표층과 심층의 2-상자 모형을 사용했다. 모의 결과 월별 표층과 심층 사이의 재고는 혼합층 두께의 변동에 따른 혼합 플럭스가 -40~35 mol C m^-2 month^-1의 규모로 주도했다. 대기로부터 유입되는 CO₂ 플럭스는 약 2 mol C m^-2 yr^-1 이고, 혼합 플럭스의 1/100 미만으로 작았다. 생물 펌프 플럭스는 4~5 mol C m^-2 yr^-1 범위로 추정되었는데 이는 현장 실측 자료에 비해서 절반가량 수준이다. 물기둥의 C_T 재고는 동계 혼합이 끝나는 4월에 최대를 보이며 성층기에 조금씩 줄어든다. 따라서 C_T 총량은 성층기에 혼합기보다 높게 나타나는데 정상상태가 유지되려면 최대와 최소의 차분인 18 mol C m^-2 yr^-1 (= 216 g C m^-2 yr^-1)이 동중국해로 송출되어야 한다. 이를 황해 남부 경계 전체에 대해 외삽하면 4 × 10⁹ g C yr^-1 규모이다. 이 플럭스는 개념상 대륙붕 펌프에 해당한다. 실제로 태평양 외양역에 도달하려면 동중국해를 거쳐야 하므로 실제로 대륙붕 펌프로 기여하는 플럭스의 크기는 이보다 현저하게 낮을 것으로 전망된다. 자료 부족과 계산에 필수적인 가정에 수반되는 오류 때문에 추정값은 상당한 크기의 오차를 포함하지만 모의를 통해 C_T의 변동을 초래하는 플럭스 사이의 상대적인 기여도와 범위를 제약할 수 있었고 향후 연구에서 주목해야 할 사항을 도출할 수 있었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.139-158
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• 2017

CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality Model) simulations were carried out to estimate the potential range of contributions on surface $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) with the gaseous precursors and Primary Particulate Matters(PPM) available from a recent national emissions inventory. In detail, on top of a base simulation utilizing the 2013 Clean Air Policy Supporting System (CAPSS) emission inventory, a set of Brute Force Method (BFM) simulations after reducing anthropogenic $NO_x$, $SO_2$, $NH_3$, VOCs, and PPM emissions released from area, mobile, and point sources in SMA by 50% were performed in turn. Modeling results show that zero-out contributions(ZOC) of $NH_3$ and PPM emissions from SMA are as high as $4{\sim}5{\mu}g/m^3$ over the region during the modeling period. On the contrary, ZOC of local $NO_x$ and $SO_2$ emissions to SMA $PM_{2.5}$ are less than $1{\mu}g/m^3$. Moreover, model analyses indicate that a wintertime $NO_x$ reduction at least up to 50% increases SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations, probably due to increased HNO3 formation and conversion to aerosols under more abundant ozone and radical conditions after the $NO_x$ reduction. However, a nation-wide $NO_x$ reduction decreased SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations even during winter, which implies that nation-wide reductions would be more effective to curtail SMA $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations than localized efforts.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the amount of carbon storage for trees in forest ecosystem to support the foundation for carbon neutrality implementation in Korea National Park. It targeted 22 national parks designated and managed as national parks in Korea, and conducted research on forest trees in the terrestrial ecosystem among various natural and ecological carbon sink. The survey and analysis method followed the IPCC guidelines and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory in Korea. The amount of tree carbon storage in the forest ecosystem of Korea National Park was confirmed to be about 218,505 thousand CO₂-ton and the amount of carbon storage per unit area was 570.8 CO₂-ton per hectare. Compared to 299.7 CO₂-ton per hectare, the average carbon storage per unit area of the entire Korean forest, it was found that about twice as much carbon was stored when assuming the same area. In other words, it means that the tree carbon storage function of the national park is about twice as high as that of the average tree carbon storage function of entire Korean forest. It has great implications in Korea National Park not only provides biodiversity promotion and exploration services as a national protected area, but also performs excellent functions as a carbon sink.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 2009

This study was conducted to support for determining an efficient sampling design for forest resources assessments in South Korea with respect to statistical efficiency. For this objective, different systematic sampling designs were simulated and compared based on an artificial forest population that had been built from field sample data and satellite data in Yang-Pyeong County, Korea. Using the k-NN technique, two thematic maps (growing stock and forest cover type per pixel unit) across the test area were generated; field data (n=191) and Landsat ETM+ were used as source data. Four sampling designs (systematic sampling, systematic sampling for post-stratification, systematic cluster sampling, and stratified systematic sampling) were employed as optimum sampling design candidates. In order to compute error variance, the Monte Carlo simulation was used (k=1,000). Then, sampling error and relative efficiency were compared. When the objective of an inventory was to obtain estimations for the entire population, systematic cluster sampling was superior to the other sampling designs. If its objective is to obtain estimations for each sub-population, post-stratification gave a better estimation. In order to successfully perform this procedure, it requires clear definitions of strata of interest per field observation unit for efficient stratification.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권2_1호
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• pp.121-137
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• 2020

동아시아 지역은 최근 인구급증과 경제성장으로 인해 화석연료의 사용이 증가함에 따라 이로 인한 대기오염물질 배출이 증가하여 대기질이 점차 악화되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) 위성 자료와 국가 대기오염물질 배출량 자료(National Emission Inventory)를 활용하여 동아시아의 대기현황 및 우리나라의 대기질에 국내외 배출량이 미치는 영향을 분석하고 이를 기반으로 미래 배출량을 추정하였다. 2005년부터 2015년까지 동아시아의 NO₂, SO₂ 농도를 분석한 결과, 두 물질 모두 NEC (North East China), SEC(South East China), SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area) 순으로 높았다. SO₂는 우리나라와 중국의 편차가 크게 나타나NEC 지역은 SMA보다 1.63배 높았다. 농도비와 배출비 분석을 통해 국외 배출원이 우리나라 대기환경에 미치는 영향을 간접적으로 파악할 수 있었는데, NO₂/SO₂ 농도비는 우리나라와 중국 모두 2013년에 가장 높았고, SMA의 NO_x/SO_x 배출비는 2013년 이후 22% 이상 증가했다. 국내 배출량은 지속적으로 감소했으나 농도-배출량 비율(NO₂/NO_x, SO₂/SO_x)은 점차 증가하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 이는 곧 국내 배출량 외에 다른 요인(국외 배출원, 체류시간 변화 등)이 우리나라 수도권의 대기질에 영향을 주고 있다는 것으로 해석된다. SMA의 미래 배출량은 2025년에 NO_x, SO_x가 각각 296.2, 39.0 kton, 2035년에는 284.4, 33.8 kton 만큼 배출될 것으로 예측되었다. 본 연구에서는 공간적 제약을 받지 않는 위성자료의 장점을 이용하여 농도와 배출량 사이의 유의미한 결과를 도출하였으며, 이 연구에서 사용된 위성관측 농도와 배출량 간의 상호비교 분석방법론과 GEMS(Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer) 위성 산출물을 활용하여, 향후 국내 대기질 영향요인을 파악하기 위한 국외 발 대기오염물질 기여도 분석과 배출 인벤토리 보완을 위한 기초 자료를 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제18권2호통권23호
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• pp.107-107
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• 2004

In this paper we have introduced some results of study on stand growth pattern and stand structure of larch forest which are located in selected forest sites of Khangai and Gobi-Altai mountain ranges of Mongolia. Our investigations showed that growth intensity and stand structure in western Mongolia are very specific from the other forest vegetation zones of Mongolia. Studies on the stand structure and growth trend indicate that tree types of stand structure and different types of growth of Larix sibrica are very common in Western Mongolia. These peculiarities of stand structure and growth of larch stands in Western Monolia could be used for inventory work and an improvement of the forest management in Western Mongolian region. The larch tree is the dominant tree species in Western Mogolia. Forest cover of the region is about 15%, which is two times higher than the country's average. In this region forest area is divided into 4 forest sub-regions: the Central Khangai, Western Khangai, North Eastern Khangai and South Easterun Khangai sub-regions including taiga, pseudo taiga, sub taiga, sub-alpine and forest steppe belts. Silviculture practices and forest research management request to study forest growth trends in local and general conditions, which means to indicate a change of taxonomic characteristics of stand from time to time including diameter, height, basal area, growth stock etc. The forest management practice mostly uses tables of forest growth and yield based on the results of long term research on forest growth. Forest yield tables and other relevant forest standards of Russia are used for the forest inventory and forest management. They are not able to determine forest structure and growth peculiatities of Mongolian forests. Studies on forest resource assessment in Mongolia indicate that after logging operations and forest fires the natural regeneration of desired species such as pine and larch often does not succeed. This situation forces to take a different approach of forest management and silviculture practice depending on the stand structure and growth rate of the forest stands. According to our investigation in last years, forest growth pattern of larch forest depends mostly on stand structure, stand age and growth condition including forest soil, climate and location in different slopes. Due to improve environmental function of forest ecosystem in the region, it is needed to conduct very comprehensive study of high mountain forest ecosystem in selected sub-regions.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.789-802
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• 2021

This study analyzed the characteristics of high PM_2.5 episodes that meets the concentration criteria of Emergency Reduction Measures Plan (ERMP) in Busan during the 2015-2020, and compared with those in Seoul. As a first step, the CAPSS-2017 emission data was employed to analyze the emission differences between Busan and Seoul, and pointed out that Busan emission included the dominance of ship emissions (37.7%) among total PM_2.5 city emissions, whereas fugitive PM_2.5 emission was the highest in Seoul. These emission characteristics are indicating that the controlling action plan should be uniquely applied to cope with ERMP in each region. We selected extremely high PM_2.5 episode days that meet the criteria of ERMP levels. In Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam region, 15, 16, and 8 days of extremely high PM_2.5 cases were found, respectively, whereas Seoul showed approximately doubling of occurrences with 37 cases. However, the occurrences in summer season indicated big differences between two cities: the proportion of summer-season occurrence was 13-25% in Busan, whereas no single case have occurred in Seoul. This is suggesting the needs of comprehensive summer emission reduction plan with focusing on sulfur reduction to effectively cope with the ERMP levels in summer in the southeastern region, including Busan.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2009

지구상에서 가장 중요한 자원 중 하나인 토양은 지형조건에 따라 서로 다른 다양한 형태를 가지고 있기 때문에 최적화되고 지속 가능한 토양 자원의 활용을 위해서는 정확하고 포괄적인 정보가 필요하게 된다. 그러나 연구대상지역인 인도 Tamil Nadu지역의 경우 지형적인 영향으로 토양에 대한 정보가 많이 누락되어 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는Tamil Nadu 지역 Eastern Ghat의 Kolli Hill에 대한 지형 측량과 원격탐측을 통한 토양조사와 지도제작이 이루어졌으며 토양 샘플의 물리화학적 특성은 미국 농무부 (USDA) 기준에 따라 분석이 이루어졌다. 연구 결과로 토양을 5개의 대분류와 10개의 부분류로 구분할 수 있었으며 토양의 분포 특성을 보면 Entisol, Inseptisol 그리고 Alfisol의 세 계층 중 Entisol의 경우 전체 지역에 대하여 75%의 분포를 보였으며 5개의 대분류에 대해 Ustorthent 가 73% 로서 대부분 지역에 나타나고 있다. 또한 Lithic Ustorthents(40%), Typic Ustorthents(26%)의 분포를 나타내었다. 앞으로도 대상지역에 대한 토양자원에 대한 지속적인 연구가 요구되며 이를 통하여 토양에 대한 많은 정보를 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.497-514
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• 2017

This study quantitatively analyzes the effects of emission inventory choices on the simulated particulate matter (PM) concentrations and the domestic/foreign contributions in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) with an air quality forecasting system. The forecasting system is composed of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE)-Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ). Different domestic and foreign emission inventories were selectively adopted to set up four sets of emissions inputs for air quality simulations in this study. All modeling cases showed that model performance statistics satisfied the criteria levels (correlation coefficient >0.7, fractional error <50%) suggested by previous studies. Notwithstanding the apparently good model performance of total PM concentrations by all emission cases, annual average concentrations of simulated total PM concentrations varied up to $20{\mu}g/m^3$ (160%) depending on the combination of emission inventories. In detail, the difference in simulated annual average concentrations of the primary PM coarse (PMC) was up to $25.2{\mu}g/m^3$ (6.5 times) compared with other cases. Furthermore, model performance analyses on PM species showed that the difference in the simulated primary PMC led to gross model overestimation in general, which indicates that the primary PMC emissions need to be improved. The contribution analysis using model direct outputs indicated that the domestic contributions to the annual average PM concentrations in the SMA vary from 44% to 67%. To account for the uncertainty of the simulated concentration, the contribution correction factor method proposed by Bae et al. (2017) was applied, which resulted in converged contributions(from 48% to 57%). We believe this study shows that it is necessary to improve the simulated concentrations of PM components in order to enhance the accuracy of the forecasting model. It is deemed that these improvements will provide more accurate contribution results.

• 경영과학
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.209-224
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• 2006

The mobile communication technology would be one of the most appropriate means for achieving process innovation in the actual business area. This article performs a simulation study to examine the effect of introducing a mobile technology to the after-sales service and its logistics process. The performances of the two different systems, before and after introducing a mobile technology, are examined based on operational cost, operational efficiency, and customer service level using a discrete event simulation. The real-world data, extracted from a leading Korean electronics firm, was collected for this study. The results show that the TO-BE(after) model outperforms the AS-IS(before) model over all the performance indices. And the effects of introducing the mobile technology are more significant on the more tightly controlled inventory policy.