• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

Objective : This study was designed to find the most effective and safest way to overcome Lumbago due to blood stasis and sprain involved in a few Meridian Tendino-musculatures by evaluating the effect of two kinds of Dong-gi(Dong-qi) Acupuncture(DGA) and by reporting their side effects. Material : 97 patients of out and admission patients were selected, who were diagnosed with lumbar sprain caused by repetitive bending, heavy weight lifting, unsuitable posture, concussion and falling down and whose Lumbago due to blood stasis and sprain in the concept of oriental medicine. Methods : 97 patients were divided into three groups. One is exclusive DGA group to which DGA and the method retaining needles on the acupoints for about 20 minutes were applied, the other is DGA combined active exercise group in which patients stretched their Meridian Tendino-muscuIatures with their hips moving up and downward repeatedly during DGA, the third is DGA combined passive exercise group in which patients were made to flex or extend their bodies on the auto flexion-distraction table in a prone position, from 10 to 20 degree, during DGA. In each group, bed rest, physical therapy and herbal medicine were used according to symptoms, in addition to DGA. In DGA method, "Su(Shu)" points of the meridian related to the involved Meridian Tendino-musculature were mainly chosen, that is, Sokkol(Shugu, B65), Hugye(Houxi, SI3), ChungJo(Zhongzhu, TE3) were used, for most LBP belonged to Bladder and Gallbladder Meridian Tendino-musculature disorders. Pyong-Bo-Pyong-Sa(Ping-Bu-Ping-Xie) such as Dong-Gi and Yeom-Jeon(Nian-Zhuan) was applied as Bo-Sa method. For evaluation of effectiveness, new score system was devised by severity of pain and range of movement. the score was given twice at patients' first and last visit and the difference between first and last score was regarded as a evaluation scale, the effectiveness was classified into four grade by evaluation scale.(scale : 12-15; excellent, 8-11; good, 4-7; fair, 0-3; bad) Results : 1. Exclusive DGA, DGA combined active exercise and DGA combined passive exercise group showed 97, 87 and 89% in effectiveness. 2. Exclusive DGA, DGA combined active exercise and DGA combined passive exercise group showed no aggravation of pain, range of movement. 3. In blood test of 34 patients, only one patient showed abnormal rise of sGOT, sGPT and $\gamma$-GTP at his first visit and the others didn't show any detrimental change. DGA had no bad influence upon BUN and creatinine of patients. Conclusion : For complex theraphy combining DGA, exercise, physical therapy and Herbal medicine proved to be highly effective on treating lumbago due to blood stasis and sprain, this is expected to be available for clinical use.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.314-326
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• 2020

This study was carried out to develop a resistant variety against the K3a race of bacterial blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, through expansion and pyramiding of resistance genes. To develop an elite bacterial blight-resistant cultivar, the breeding process and bacterial blight resistance reactions in advanced backcross lines (ABLs) were analyzed. ABLs21 which contain Xa3 and Xa21, were developed by double backcrossing japonica cultivar Hwanggeumnuri, which has bacterial blight resistant Xa3 gene, and indica variety IRBB21, which havs Xa21 gene, followed by disease resistance bioassay and marker-assisted selection. The resistance genes of ABLs21 were amplified by PCR with the molecular markers 9643.T4 (Xa3) and U1/I1 (Xa21). Hwanggeumnuri and IRBB3 showed resistance reactions against K1, K2, and K3 races, and a susceptible reaction against K3a, K4, and K5 races. IRBB21 showed resistance reactions against K2, K3, K3a, K4 and K5 races, and a susceptible reaction against K1 race. Hwanggeumnuri showed susceptible reactions at the seedling, tillering and adult stages (all stages), whereas ABL21-1 showed moderate resistance at the tillering stage. ABL21-1 showed stable resistance against 18 isolates of K3a race, and the lesion length was shorter than that of the donor parents. In cluster analysis, the HB4032 isolate showed the highest pathogenicity among the 18 isolates. The molecular marker polymorphisms and average substituted chromosome segment lengths of ABLs21 were 63.2 % and 86.1 cM, respectively. Insertion of the donor chromosomal segments occurred in the predicted region of the Xa21 gene of ABLs21.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.607-615
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• 2016

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of different kinds of acids added to irrigation water containing high levels of bicarbonate on the growth and daughter plant production during the propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberry. Fertigation solution was prepared with equal concentrations of essential nutrients as found in Hoagland solution, plus $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3{^-}$. The concentrations of $HCO_3{^-}$ in the treatment solution were decreased to $60mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ by the addition of $HNO_3$, $H_3PO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, $HNO_3+H_3PO_4$, or salicylic acid. The mother plants transplanted to raised beds were treated with a specific treatment solution for 126 days and growth and daughter plant productions were monitored. The fresh weight of mother plants in the -control treatment ($240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3{^-}$) was significantly lower than those in acid containing treatments. The number of daughter plants produced per mother plant was 13 in the -control treatment, but 19.4, 20.1, 18.6, 22.4, and 18.9 in the treatments of $HNO_3$, $H_3PO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, $HNO_3+H_3PO_4$ and salicylic acid, respectively. The substrate pHs after 126 days of treatment were 8.2 and 7.3 in the -control and salicylic acid treatments, respectively, but 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, and 5.5 in the treatments of $HNO_3$, $H_3PO_4$, $H_2SO_4$, and $HNO_3+H_3PO_4$ treatments, respectively. The tissue Ca and Mg contents of mother plants were significantly higher in +control ($90mg{\cdot}L^{-1}\;HCO_3{^-}$) and various acid blending treatments compared to the -control treatment. By contrast, Ca and Mg contents were not significantly different among treatments with acids. The Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents in plant tissue of -control were also significantly lower than those in all other treatments.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.999-1005
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• 2014

This study was performed in order to compare the changes in Korean apples' qualities and antioxidant activity when stored at room temperature, $20^{\circ}C$, for fifteen days. The results showed that the weight, moisture content, soluble solid content, acidity, and hardness levels decreased as the storage period increased. However, pH and color value L increased as the storage period increased. Total phenol contents, total flavonoids contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and vit. C contents of apples significantly decreased with increased storage period. Sensory parameters, such as appearance, sweetness, sourness, crunchiness, and overall acceptability of apples, also decreased as the storage period increased. Based on these results, if, the apple are being stored around $20^{\circ}C$, then, to have the highest quality, the apples should be sold within three days, We also suggested that it is desirable not to store the apples fore more than eight days.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.301-310
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• 2016

This is a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized experiment research to verify the effect of moxibustion therapy on efficient management of daily living disabilities and sleep patterns in elderly women with chronic low back pain. Total 12 sessions of moxibustion therapy were applied to elderly women(30 subjects in an experimental group and 30 subjects in a control group) in G City once a week for 12 weeks from March 15th to May $31^{st}$ 2015. Then the follow-up study was conducted 2 weeks after the post survey. For moxibustion, was applied to Shen-shu, Ashi point, Ta chang shu, Yang kuan and Yosu. 5 sheets of moxibustion were applied to 7 acupuncture points of Mugeukboyang moxibustion; Zu san li & Chu chi, Chung wan, Chung chi & Shui tao, Fei shu, Kao hung and Tien shu, Wijung respectively and experimental treatment was conducted. For assessing the degree of back pain, Visual Analog Scale(VAS) developed by Scott & Huskisson(1979) was used and for measuring the degree of daily living disability, Oswestry Disability Index, which was developed by Fairbank et al(1980) and translated and revised by Yim, Hyeon-sul et al.(1998), was used. For measuring sleep patterns, the sleep pattern measurement tool developed by Oh, Jin-su, Song, Mi-soon and Kim, Sin-mi(1998) was used. For data analysis, SPSS/WIN 18.0 was employed and Chi-square test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were performed. There were significant differences in pain score(F=2510.32, p<.001), daily living disability score(F=1937.82, p<.001) and sleep pattern score((F=15.54, p<.001) of elderly women that were provided with moxibustion therapy, compared to the control group. Therefore, it was found that moxibustion therapy made a positive contribution to reduction in pain and daily living disabilities and improvement in sleep quality. Based on this study finding, there is a need to apply moxibustion therapy to elderly people with chronic low back pain as a nursing intervention in future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1055-1065
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• 1996

This experiment was undertaken to assess the effect of nitric oxide, isosorbide dinitrate, and sodium nitroprusside, which are known to increase coronary flow by vasodilation and to improve the cardiac function of an ischemic heart The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of nitric oxide on the coronary artery of an ischemic rat myocardium using isolated constant pressure Langendorfr system. The experimental parameters were lactate and CK-MB for the frozen myocardium and coronary flow. the quantity of coyonary flow, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and dp/dt. The experimental groups were decided as control group (Group I), nitric oxide group (Group II), Iso orbide dinitrate group (Group III) and sodium nitroprusside group (Group IV). Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measured analysis of variance and 2tudent t-test The results were as follows: 1 . The lactic acid contents of group II and IV were less than other groups for the frozen myocardium at preischemic state (p< 0.0025), whereas the determined coronary flows were higher. 2. In the ratio of produced lactic acid between the preischemia and reperfusion for the coronary flow, group II and IV exhibitrod less value than others (p< 0.005). 3. Group II and III were less than others in the coronary flow for the quantity of CK-MB, but or the frozen myocardium, group II and IV were less. 4. Group II and IV showed higher coronary flow compared to others throughout entire experimental period (p< 0.005). 5. Group II was highest at the preischemic state for the left ventricular developed pressure. 6. The +maximal dp/dt of group II was highest compared to others. 7. Group I exhibi ed the highest recovery rate of coronary flow between prelschemla and reperfusion. 8. The(-dp/dt)1(+dp/dt) ratio was 116%, 100%, 100%, and 55% for the 4 groups, respectively And the recovery rate of total dp/dt was 34%, 67%, 51%, and 76% for the four groups, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.334-344
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• 2020

A total of 24 families, 44 species, and 658 benthic macroinvertebrates were identified, and Ecdyonurus dracon Kluge (13%) was the dominant species in forested streams within the Yeonyeopsan (Mt.). A total of four habit categories (i.e., clingers (56%), burrowers (19%), swimmers (14%), and sprawlers (56%)) were identified, and clingers were the dominant habit at all survey points except point one (UP1). Habitat characteristics were depended on the hydraulic factors (e.g., flow velocity, depth, and substrates), water quality (e.g., DO and water temperature), and the habitat characteristics were differed in the riffle, which has a faster the flow velocity, compared by in the stagnant pool. In other words, in riffles, the clingers dominated in high flow velocity with the large maximum and median grain size for substrates in the habitats regardless of depth, but the burrowers and sprawlers were dominant in low flow velocity with the small maximum and median grain size for substrates in the habitats. Moreover, DO and flow velocity were in positive correlation (y = 0.6666x - 0.659, R² = 0.0851), and the habitat for burrowers was wider than that for sprawlers or clingers. The water depth was negatively correlated with water temperature (y = -26.397x + 283.87, R² = 0.1802) since the water temperature is more sensitive to insolation in shallow depth. pH was positively correlated with water temperature. The investigation of the habitat characteristics by separating the relations between pH and DO in upstream and downstream showed the low pH and high DO in the upstream with a high crown density of 68%, regardless of community composition. On the other hand, high pH and low DO in the downstream with a relatively low crown density of 51%. It was considered that the riparian forest played a role in suppressing the growth of attached algae and the controlling water temperature in headwater streams. Our findings identified the habitat characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates in a headwater stream. We expected that the finding can provide reference data for suggesting conservation and management plans in a headwater stream and increasing academic value.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.259-271
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• 2018

This study examined the effect of the SSI argumentation program based on social and emotional learning(SEL). The program consisted of 3 stages: (1) express their own feelings about SSI, identify the issues of SSI, and define a goal; (2) think of many possible solutions and envision results through argumentation; (3) select the best solution and make a decision based on warrants, data, and rebuttals. In each stage, the social-emotional strategies of self-awareness, self-management, social-awareness, relationship-management, and responsible decision making were used. Seventeen preservice biology teachers participated in this study during one semester dealing with four socioscientific issues. The results indicated that the preservice teachers, as time went on, became accustomed to expressing identifiable rebuttals, dispute talk, and asking questions. At the first SSI argumentation, argumentation mainly consisted of cumulative talk with no rebuttals, representing level 2 argumentation. Level 3 argumentation represented rebuttals that were implicit and weak, with cumulative talk. In level 2 and 3 argumentation, the preservice teachers represented understanding of others and compassion for self and others. Level 4 argumentation had rebuttals that were explicit, asking critical questions of the opposite sides. In addition, level 5 argumentation represented more than two controversial points with several instances of dispute talk. In levels 4 and 5, the preservice teachers became actively engaged in communication, inquiry self with others, managing vulnerability and negotiation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 1995

Background: We had undergone this study to investigate clinical progress of this disease and to decide the role of aggressive diagnostic approaches, the efficacy of treatments and prognoses. Methods: A retrospective study was done on 113 patients who had been diagnosed to metastatic adenocarcinoma of pleura by pleural fluid cytology(106 cases) or pleural needle biopsy(22 cases), at Presbyterian Medical Center, from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1994. Results: 1) The patients were composed of 59 males(52.2%) and 54 females(47.8%), and the mean age distribution was $57.4{\pm}12.1$ years. 2) The site of origin was lung cancer 46.9%(53/113), stomach cancer 20.4%(23/113), breast cancer 11.5%(13/113), and unknown primary site 6.2%(7/113 cases), as a whole. In male, lung cancer was 55.9%(33/59), stomach cancer was 28.8%(17/59), and in female, lung cancer was 37%(20/54), breast cancer was 24.1%(13/54) of cases. 3) The cardinal symptoms were dyspnea(69%), cough(61%), chest pain(50%), weight loss(50%), anorexia(49%), sputum(43%), malaise(30%). 4) The pleural fluid findings were exudative in 94.4%(102/108), serosanguinous or bloody in 36~53%, unilateral involvement in 74.3%(84/113) of cases, and lymphocyte predominance($71{\pm}27%$) in differential count of WBC. 5) CEA levels in pleural fluid or plasma were over 10ng/ml in 60.6%(40/66), and ADA levels in pleural fluid were under 40U/L in 95%(57/60) of cases. 6) The patients were managed by various methods, but the efficacy of treatment was uncertain. 7) The mean survival time was $12.7{\pm}13.5$ weeks. Conclusion: It seems to be no effective treatment methods yet and the prognosis was very poor in this disease, so the objectives of diagnostic approaches and treatment methods should be directed to early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of curable disease. And we must make our best endeavors to lengthen the survival time and improve the quality of patients' life.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2008

Purpose : This study determined the prenatal and postnatal factors associated with complications and prognosis in premature infants with leukemoid reaction. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of premature infants with gestational ages <37 weeks and low birth weights (<2,500 g) who were admitted immediately after birth to the neonatal intensive care unit at the Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital between June 2005 and July 2006. A leukemoid reaction was defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >30,000/$mm^3$. The infants who had leukemoid reaction comprised the study group, while the remainder of infants made up the control group. The relationships between maternal and neonatal variables and ANC were studied. Results : Leukemoid reaction was detected in 3.1% of the study infants (8 of 252). Factors more frequently associated with infants with leukemoid reaction were as follows: maternal chorioamnionitis, high levels of maternal and infant C-reactive protein, gestational age <37 weeks, birth weight <2,500 g, low Apgar score, prolonged ventilator support, and a high incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, there were no significant differences with respect to the antenatal usage of steroids, the incidences of patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, and mortality between the two groups. Conclusion : Leukemoid reaction in premature infants was associated with chorioamnionitis and high levels of serum C-reactive protein in mothers and infants, and BPD in infants. These findings suggest that leukemoid reaction is secondary to inflammation caused by infection.