• 대한약침학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.201-211
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review Korean domestic studies and investigate the research trends of pharmacopuncture therapy on cervical pain caused by traffic accidents. Methods: Domestic studies between February 1999 and May 2020 from four Korean databases were searched with combinations of keywords 'cervical pain', 'traffic accident', 'whiplash injury', and 'pharmacopuncture'. Results: 17 studies were selected for review, including 7 randomized controlled trials, 5 retrospective observational studies, 3 case reports, and 2 non-randomized controlled trials. Each study was reviewed by published year, study type, types of pharmacopuncture solutions, selected acupuncture points, dosage of pharmacopuncture solutions, frequency of treatment, concurrent treatments, outcome measurements, and the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture therapy. The results are as follows: (1) It showed that the total number of published studies had increased slightly in the last 10 years compared to the previous decade. (2) The pharmacopuncture solutions used in the studies were in the following order: Bee-Venom (蜂毒), Jungsongouhyul (中性瘀血), Hwangryunhaedoktang (黃連解毒湯) and Soyeom (消炎). Frequently used acupuncture points were GB20, GV21, A-shi point, GV16, EX-B2, and SI15 in order. (3) The most commonly used total injection dosage was 1.0 cc at a time, and the frequency of treatment was twice a week. (4) Concurrent treatments such as acupuncture, herbal medication, physical therapy and Chuna manual therapy were performed in all 17 studies. (5) Pharmacopuncture therapy showed positive effects on cervical pain caused by traffic accidents in all 17 studies reviewed. Conclusion: Pharmacopuncture therapy was effective in cervical pain caused by traffic accidents in all 17 studies selected. Further studies will be needed using more larger scales and more objective data to confirm the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture therapy and to generalize its application.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.253-266
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• 2021

The sufficient early strength of primary support is crucial for stabilizing the surroundings, especially for the tunnels constructed in soil. This paper introduces the Steel-Concrete Composite Support System (SCCS), a new support with high bearing capacity and flexible, rapid construction. The bearing characteristics and construction performance of SCCS were systematically studied using a three-dimensional numerical model. A sensitivity analysis was also performed. It was found that the stress of a π-shaped steel arch decreased with an increase in the thickness of the wall, and increased linearly with an increase in the rate of stress release. In the horizontal direction of the arch section, the nodal stresses of the crown and the shoulder gradually increased in longitudinally, and in the vertical direction, the nodal stresses gradually decreased from top to bottom. The stress distribution at the waist, however, was opposite to that at the crown and the shoulder. By analyzing the stress of the arch section under different installation gaps, the sectional stress evolution was found to have a step-growth trend at the crown and shoulder. The stress evolution at the waist is more likely to have a two-stage growth trend: a slow growth stage and a fast growth stage. The maximum tensile and compressive stresses of the secondary lining supported by SCCS were reduced on average by 38.0% and 49.0%, respectively, compared with the traditional support. The findings can provide a reference for the supporting technology in tunnels driven in loess.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.209-221
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• 2021

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare and analyze studies related to fire acupuncture (FA) published in South and North Korea. Methods : FA studies published in South Korea were searched through domestic and overseas databases (KISS, RISS, OASIS, and EMBASE). For North Korean studies, databases from the Information Center on North Korea and Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information were used. Among the searched literatures, clinical studies using FA as a treatment intervention were selected (i.e., randomized controlled trials, and case reports). Finally, information such as the disease for which FA was used, the characteristics of FA, and details of treatment methods for FA were extracted from the screened literatures and the results of South and North Korean studies were compared and analyzed. Results : This review included 28 South Korean studies and 9 North Korean studies. All studies in South Korea, except for the three articles that used traditional FA treatment, applied "warm needling"-like acupuncture (WA) in the form of heating the handle of the needle after inserting the needle into the skin, and most studies were conducted on diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Whereas in the North Korean studies, FA was applied to various diseases such as trigeminal neuralgia, skin diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases, and standardized FA tools were used. Conclusions : Studies on traditional FA treatment have rarely been reported in South Korea. The amount of information described in the FA studies in North Korea was limited. In this review, the characteristics of FA treatment tools in South and North Korean studies were mainly analyzed. In the future, FA studies from more diverse perspectives are needed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2022

Background: Methamphetamine (METH) is the most widely used psychostimulant and has been known to exhibit reinforcing effects even after long abstinence. We showed the inhibitory effect of Korean Red Ginseng extract (RGE) on METH-induced addictive behaviors in animal models mimicking the human drug-use pattern. Methods: We first investigated the effect of RGE on the acquisition of METH-induced dependence using self-administration and conditioned place preference (CPP) tests. Additionally, further experiments such as METH-induced motivational behavior and seeking behavior were conducted. To study the underlying mechanism, dopamine receptor, dopamine transporter, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor were assessed through Western blot analysis. Results: Treatment with RGE significantly reduced METH-induced self-administration on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. It could be also decreased a progressive ratio schedule, and inhibited METH-primed reinstatement. In CPP, RGE significantly prevented the development of METH-induced CPP. Moreover, RGE not only shortened the withdrawal period clearly, but also prevented the reinstatement of CPP. RGE treatment also reversed METH-induced overexpression of dopamine transporter, dopamine receptor D1, and NMDA receptor in the nucleus accumbens. Conclusion: Our findings reflect that RGE has therapeutic potential to suppress METH-induced addictive behaviors by regulating dopaminergic and NMDAergic system.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2024

Aiming at studying the plastic hinge (PH) evolution regularities and failure mode of rocking wall moment frame (RWMF) structure in earthquakes, the whole-working history analysis of seismic performance state of RWMF structure based on co-operation performance and PH evolution was carried out. Building upon the theoretical analysis of the elastic internal forces and deformations of RWMF structures, nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) methods were employed to perform both Pushover analysis and seismic response time history analysis under different seismic coefficients (δ). The relationships among PH occurrence ratios (R_ph), inter-story drifts and δ were established. Based on the plotted curve of the seismic performance states, evaluation limits for the R_ph and inter-story drifts were provided for different performance states of RWMF structures. The results indicate that the R_ph of RWMF structures exhibits a nonlinear evolution trend of "fast at first, then slow" with the increasing of δ. The general pattern is characterized by the initial development of beam hinges in the middle stories, followed by the development towards the top and bottom stories until the beam hinges are fully formed. Subsequently, the development of column hinges shifts from the bottom and top stories towards the middle stories of the structure, ultimately leading to the loss of seismic lateral capacity with a failure mode of partial beam yield, demonstrating a global yielding pattern. Moreover, the limits for the R_ph and inter-story drifts effectively evaluate the five different performance states of RWMF structures.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제19권1호통권32호
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• pp.26-40
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• 2006

It is generally understood that San Bu Jiu Hou is the pulse form at CunGuanChi(寸關尺) as in ${\ulcorner}$NanJing(難經)${\lrcorner}$. However, it is totally different in ${\ulcorner}$HuangDiNeiJing${\lrcorner}$. This only appears in tew chapters of ${\ulcorner}$SuWen(素問)${\lrcorner}$ and does not appear in ${\ulcorner}$LingShu(靈樞)${\lrcorner}$. SanBu in ${\ulcorner}$SuWen SanBuJiuHouLun${\lrcorner}$ refers to top, middle, bottom and each part is divided into 3 parts, Tian(天), Di(地), Ren(人) to form JiuHou, and through Jiu Hou, not only does it diagnose ShenZang(神臟) and XingZang(形臟), but also goes on to form a diagnostic system by fusing diagnostic skill and treatment into one. ${\ulcorner}$JiuZhenShiErYuan(九針十二原)${\lrcorner}$ discusses detailed shapes and functions of nine types of acupuncture, and the ${\ulcorner}$GuanZhen(官針)${\lrcorner}$ explains how to manipulate Jiu Zhen adequately, but there is more to it than just shape and function in techniques of acupuncture. It is because it fuses (or merges) pathology, diagnostics, treatment etc to form a single diagnosis system. ${\ulcorner}$JinFu(禁服)${\lrcorner}$ discusses about nine types of acupuncture of pulse form and effect, which are treatment means based on RenYingCunKouMaiFa(人迎寸口脈法). Various pulse daignosises exist in ${\ulcorner}$HuangDiNeiJing${\lrcorner}$, but those influence of future generations can be divided into SanBuJiuHouMaiFa(三部九候脈法) and RenYingCunKouMaiFa(人迎寸口脈法), and which medical ideologies this kind of pulse daignosis originates from should be discusssed. We will finally expolre and report the process its development into 寸尺脈(Cun Chi Mai).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2008

The early diagnosis of bovine pregnancy is an essential component of successful reproductive planning on farms, because lack of bovine pregnancy over the long term results in reproductive failure and low milk yield-the latter of which is a special concern on dairy farms. This study was designed to identify early pregnancy-specific whey proteins in bovine, by comparing milk samples collected from cattle during pregnancy (Days 30 and 50) and from non-pregnant cattle. In this study, differentially expressed proteins in five pregnant and five non-pregnant Holstein dairy cattle were investigated and compared, using proteomics analysis. The first dimension was applied to a pH $3.0{\sim}10.0$ strip, by loading a 2-mg milk protein sample. After the second-dimension separation was performed, the gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie brilliant blue. The stained gels were scanned and the images were analyzed, to detect variations in protein spots between non-pregnant and pregnant cattle milk protein spots, using ImageMaster, this was followed by analysis with MALDI TOF-MS. Analysis of the 2-DE gel image resulted in a total of approximately $500{\sim}600$ protein spots, of which 12 spots were differentially expressed, six spots were up-regulated, and four spots were down-regulated; two spots were identified as pregnancy-specific proteins. These proteins were identified as lactoferrin, NA-DH dehydrogenase subunit 2, albumin, serum albumin precursor and transferrin. Our results via 2-D PAGE analysis revealed composite profiles of several milk proteins related to early bovine pregnancy, implying the possible use of these milk proteins in the early detection of bovine pregnancy.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2008

본 연구는 향후 황새 복원예정지역을 선정하기 위한 서식지 적합 모델을 개발하는데 기초 자료로 활용하기 위한 목적으로 과거 황새 번식지역의 환경적 변인의 특성을 분석하였다. 청문조사를 통해 6곳의 번식지점을 추가적으로 확인하고, 문헌에 기록된 4개 지역을 포함하여 총 10개 번식지점의 환경적 특성을 분석하였다. 1970년대 토지이용현황도(1:50,000)를 이용하여 황새 번식지 선택에 중요한 환경 변인인 농경지, 하천, 저수지, 도시취락을 분석하였고, 위성영상(Landsat MSS; 1974년) 분석을 통해 번식지점으로부터 5km 반경 내에 포함되는 산림, 수역, 농경지, 초지, 도시화 지역으로 분류하여 면적을 산출하였다. 그리고 무작위지점(random points) 93개 지역과 황새 번식지점 10개 지역의 5km 반경 내에 포함된 5가지 토지피복 유형별 면적의 평균을 비교 검정하였다. 분석결과, 과거 황새 번식지점은 도시취락, 농경지와 인접하여 위치하였으며, 10개 지역 중 7개 지역에서 하폭 30m 이상의 하천이 반경 1km 내에 위치하고 있었다. 황새가 둥지를 튼 영소목의 해발고도는 40~116.38m이었고, 평지나 경사도가 30도 이하인 사면에 영소목이 위치하였다. 인공위성영상으로 분석된 황새 번식지점으로부터 5km 반경 내의 토지피복 유형별 구성비율은 산림(53.7%), 농경지(28.3%), 초지(16.7%), 수역(0.8%), 도시화지역(0.6%)으로 나타났다. 무작위 지점(random point)과 번식지점의 토지유형별 면적의 평균을 비교 검정한 결과, 유의미한 차이를 보이는 토지유형은 산림, 농경지, 초지, 도시화지역이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1751-1759
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion level of soybean oil (SO) and palm oil (PO) on their digestible and metabolism energy (DE and ME) contents when fed to growing pigs by difference and regression method. Sixty-six crossbred growing barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire and weighing $38.1{\pm}2.4kg$) were randomly allotted to a $2{\times}5$ factorial arrangement involving 2 lipid sources (SO and PO), and 5 levels of lipid (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) as well as a basal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. The barrows were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine, and were fed the assigned test diets at 4% of initial body weight per day. A 5-d total collection of feces and urine followed a 7-d diet adaptation period. The results showed that the DE and ME contents of SO and PO determined by the difference method were not affected by inclusion level. The DE and ME determined by the regression method for SO were greater compared with the corresponding respective values for PO (DE: 37.07, ME: 36.79 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.11, ME: 33.84 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). These values were close to the DE and ME values determined by the difference method at the 10% inclusion level (DE: 37.31, ME: 36.83 MJ/kg for SO; DE: 34.62, ME: 33.47 MJ/kg for PO, respectively). A similar response for the apparent total tract digestibility of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in lipids was observed. The true total tract digestibility of AEE in SO was significantly (p<0.05) greater than that for PO (97.5% and 91.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the DE and ME contents of lipid was not affected by its inclusion level. The difference method can substitute the regression method to determine the DE and ME contents in lipids when the inclusion level is 10%.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.886-890
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• 2008

산천어를 식이로 사용하는 부분만을 취하여 일반성분, 무기질, 비타민, 아미노산 및 지방산 함량을 분석하였다. 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 그리고 탄수화물 함량이 각각 $73.6{\pm}0.4$, $17.7{\pm}0.3$, $3.3{\pm}0.2$, $1.3{\pm}0.1$ 그리고 $4.1{\pm}0.2%$이었다. 분석한 무기질 중에는 칼슘 함량이 가장 높았고 다음은 인, 칼슘, 나트륨, 철 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 산천어에 함유된 비타민 C와 E는 각각 600와 $200\;{\mu}g/100\;g$이었다. 16종류의 아미노산이 검출되었으며 그들 중에 필수아미노산은 threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, 그리고 histidine이었다. Oleic acid가 산천어의 가장 풍부한 지방산이고 불포화지방산으로는 EPA, DHA, linoleic acid, $\alpha$-linolenic acid, $\gamma$-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid를 함유하고 있었다. 이 연구 결과들은 산천어를 상업적으로 이용하기 위한 유용한 과학적 기초 자료를 제공하여 주는 것이라고 생각된다.