• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 2016

The brain and muscles both of which are composed of top-down structure occur the connectivity with the change of Electroencephalogram(EEG) and Electromyogram(EMG). In this paper, we studied the difference of functional connectivity between brain and muscles that by applying coherence method to EEG and EMG signals when users exercised upper limb with and without the movement intention. The changes in the EEG and EMG signals were inspected using coherence method. During the upper limb exercise, the mu (8~14 Hz) and beta (15~30 Hz) rhythms of the EEG signal at the motor cortex area are activated. And then the beta and piper (30~60 Hz) rhythms of the EMG signal are activated as well. The result of coherence analysis between EEG and EMG showed the coefficient of active exercise including movement intention is significantly higher than passive exercise. The coherence relations between cognitive response and muscle movement could interpret that the connectivity between the brain and muscle appear during active exercise with movement intention. The feature of coherence between brain and muscles by the status of movement intention will be useful in designing the rehabilitation system requiring feedback depending on the users' movement intention status.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.33 no.12
• /
• pp.987-994
• /
• 2023

This study examined the associations between the genotypes of the galactose mutarotase (GALM) gene and carcass traits in the Hanwoo population of Jeju Island, South Korea. The GALM genotypes were determined by the 14-bp (5'-GGTCTAATGACCAG-3') insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphisms of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR). All three genotypes (LL, LS, and SS) were found in the Hanwoo steer population. The association analysis showed significant associations between genotypes and several carcass traits, including traits related to intramuscular fat content, such as meat quality, marbling score, and backfat thickness (p<0.05). Animals harboring the SS genotype showed not only higher levels of intramuscular fat content but also lower levels of backfat thickness than animals harboring the LL and LS genotypes. On the other hand, no significant associations were found between the GALM genotypes and carcass weight, eye muscle area, meat color, or fat color (p>0.05). Deleting the 14-bp segment in the 3'-UTR resulted in the modification of the secondary structure of RNA and appeared to affect gene expression by interfering with the binding ability of GALM mRNA with RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. These results suggest that the 14-bp InDel polymorphism in the 3'-UTR region of the GALM gene affects cattle growth traits and carcass quality through galactose metabolism-mediated fat accumulation in muscle and backfat tissues.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.99-114
• /
• 2009

This study examined the optimal cooking condition for surimi-like material (SLM) derived from porcine semimembranosus (SM) muscle and the effects of the various cooking temperatures and the cooking time on the gel properties. The most noticeable change that occurred during the preparation of the SLM from the SM was the reduction in the fat content (about 1%) during the washing procedures. The hardness and gel strength value were increased significantly as the cooking temperature was increased by $75^{\circ}C$ for 20 min (p<0.05). The SLMG cooked above $75^{\circ}C$ had a significantly higher WHC than the SLMG cooked below $75^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05). The gelling property of SLMG was effected for different conditions of cooking time and temperatures by the result of SDS-PAGE. After 20 min cooking, some enzyme bands including phosphorylase disappeared. The loss of these bands (about 46 kDa and 60 kDa) was observed after 20 min of cooking time. The photographs of microscopy showed that the filaments of myofibrils did not disappear after a cooking time of 15 min, and that the gaps between the fibers or filament were close. A significant change in the fibers and filaments occurred from 30 min to 35 min of cooking time, and the gradual coagulation of the structure of the SLM was observed with cooking time increased. These results suggest that a desirable surimi gel could be obtained from pork by cooking at $75^{\circ}C$ for 25 min.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.197-220
• /
• 1997

The lack of a comprehensive theory describing the mechanism of adaptation scientifically has been one of the limiting factors for the development of nursing intervention of patients with chronic illness. Since Roy's theory provides the general conceptual framework depicting adaptation process with structural stimuli and control mechanism, it is appropriate to understand the process of adaptation. But in Roy's theory, the propositions about cognator and regulator as control mechanisms are not clearly defined. For this reason, most of the previous researches applying the Roy's theory have disregarded the study of cognator and regulator. For the patients with chronic illness such as rheumatoid arthritis, it was reported that adaptation states were different for the same stimuli due to the difference of the control mechanism. Moreover in nursing it is important to identify the control mechanism which can be and must be intervened by nurses. It was the Lazarus and Folkman's theory that proposed the control mechanism. They suggested that individual differences in the reaction against the perceived stress are due to the difference in appraisal and coping. Therefore, the synthesis of Roy's and Lazarus and Folkman's propositions might help to clearly understand the mechanism of adaptation. From this point, a theoretical framework has been developed and tested. The subjects were the 297 patients who had been diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis and attended the outpatient clinic. A hypothetical prediction model of adaptation was tested by the covariance structure analysis with PC-LISREL 7.13. As a result, the overall fit was good($x^2$=78.83, p=0.00 ; GFI=0.96 : AGFI=0.90 ; RMR=0.04) for the hypothetical model. In the final model added GA(5, 1), the overall fit was increased ($x^2$=57.82, p=0.003 ; GFI=0.97 ; AGFI=0.93 : RMR=0.036). Except the fact that illness symptoms affected physical adaptation directly, it was supported that focal and contextual stimuli affected physical and psychosocial adaptation through appraisal and coping. Therefore, it was asserted that the synthesis of two theory's propositions was appropriate. So this model would be useful for the theoretical framework in the nursing practice. And this study synthesizing and testing the theory might contribute to establish nursing's scientific base.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.926-931
• /
• 2014

Pork from Jeju black pig (population J) and Berkshire (population B) has a unique market share in Korea because of their high meat quality. Due to the high demand of this pork, traceability of the pork to its origin is becoming an important part of the consumer demand. To examine the feasibility of such a system, we aim to provide basic genetic information of the two black pig populations and assess the possibility of genetically distinguishing between the two breeds. Muscle samples were collected from slaughter houses in Jeju Island and Namwon, Chonbuk province, Korea, for populations J and B, respectively. In total 800 Jeju black pigs and 351 Berkshires were genotyped at thirteen microsatellite (MS) markers. Analyses on the genetic diversity of the two populations were carried out in the programs MS toolkit and FSTAT. The population structure of the two breeds was determined by a Bayesian clustering method implemented in structure and by a phylogenetic analysis in Phylip. Population J exhibited higher mean number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity value, and polymorphism information content, compared to population B. The $F_{IS}$ values of population J and population B were 0.03 and -0.005, respectively, indicating that little or no inbreeding has occurred. In addition, genetic structure analysis revealed the possibility of gene flow from population B to population J. The expected probability of identify value of the 13 MS markers was $9.87{\times}10^{-14}$ in population J, $3.17{\times}10^{-9}$ in population B, and $1.03{\times}10^{-12}$ in the two populations. The results of this study are useful in distinguishing between the two black pig breeds and can be used as a foundation for further development of DNA markers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.10
• /
• pp.1676-1684
• /
• 2004

Gel properties of recovered protein from mackerel, frozen blackspotted croaker, chicken breast and pork leg using acidic and alkaline processing were evaluated. Myofibrillar protein from mackerel by acidic processing did not form a heat-induced gel. However, the recovered protein including sarcoplasmic protein formed heatinduced gel. Breaking force of gel from mackerel processed at pH 10.5 was the lowest. A deformation value of frozen blackspotted croaker was the highest, followed by chicken breast, pork leg and mackerel. Whiteness of frozen blackspotted croaker was the highest among heat-induced gel. Breaking force, deformation and whiteness were decreased by addition of recovered protein from mackerel, but price was increased. A breaking force and whiteness of heat-induced gel added recovered protein from chicken breast were increased, and the price was greatly decreased. When the constraint of breaking force, deformation and price of raw material were set up above 110 g, 4.5 mm and below 2,000 won/kg. A optimum formulation for blending protein was 36∼50% for frozen blackspotted croaker, 34∼40% for chicken breast, 14∼25% for pork leg. The heat-induced gel of recovered protein from frozen blackspotted croaker showed compact structure compared to that of recovered protein from mackerel. A formulation of chicken breast and pork leg based on blackspotted croaker can be used in surimi based seafood products having various texture.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.457-462
• /
• 2007

Effects of sonication on water-solubilization of myofibril from breast muscle of spent hen effects investigated in this study. To evaluate effect of salt concentration and pH, salt concentration was varied with range from 0.1 to 0.8 M, and pH was varied with range from 6.0 to 8.0. Solubility, SDS-PAGE, viscosity and ATPase activity of sonicated myofibril were measured. Solubility of myofibrillar protein containing 0.1 M NaCl at pH 8.0 after sonication was above 90%. Main components of soluble protein by SDS-PAGE were myosin heavy chain and actin. That is, it indicated breaking of myofibril structure by sonication. Also, viscosity of soluble protein increased, but Ca- and Mg-ATPase activities decreased by increasing sonication time. From these results, we concluded that most of myofibrillar proteins were denatured by sonication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.11
• /
• pp.1647-1653
• /
• 2010

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was purified from polysaccharide extracted from sea hare muscle on DEAE-Sepharose column and investigated for the functional groups, distribution of sugars, composition of disaccharide and structure of GAG. Purified GAG was composed of disaccharide above 55% of total sugar. Purified GAG showed amide I peak in 1648/cm and C-O stretch peak as properties of carbohydrate, amino acid peak in 1457/cm, and peak in 866/cm as properties of monosaccharide by FT-IR. Fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, galactose, mannose and xylose were found in MALDI-TOF MS/MS spectra of hydrolysates by chondroitin sulfate ABC lyase and heparanase I. Purified GAG was expected to be heparan sulfate including N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine above 70% of total sugar. The structure of GAG was supposed as GlyUA(2S)-GlcNS and GlyUA-GlcNS(6S) with O-linkage on protein core.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.16
• /
• pp.168-206
• /
• 2001

This study attempts to examine the relationships between the major market-based media and the government after closing military regime era, 1961-1987. After the military regime was collapsed, while the mass media in Korea obtained independence and autonomy from government, they have been confronted with the terrible competition not so much comparatively as before. The watchdog role in the traditional liberalism, which is regarded as normative relationship between the media and the government would be transformed in accordance with the market condition and the maturity of democracy. Thus, the watchdog metaphor has been variously deviated in rower-centered society; lap dog, guard dog, attack dog. liberalists argue that the primary democratic role of the media is to art as a public watchdog overseeing the state. Social democrats, however, criticize them as simplistic conception which could be only applied to the government. They argue that the media should be seen as a source of redress against the abuse of all forms of power over others; the home, the economy, and the civil society. The lap dog view is that the media is overwhelmingly dependent on the established power structure contrary to the watchdog. While the guard dog perspective is a means to preserve the power structure alarming with playing 'conflict role', the attack do8 aims to the private interest of the media in intruding into the politics. The attack dog perspective by T. Patterson could be composed of the interpretive style of report, the game schema report over the policy schema in the election, and the negativism against politics and government. The market-dominant press has been likely to transform from lap-guard dog into attack-guard dog. In Roh Tae Woo government(1988-1992), while the press was a lessened lap-guard dog before three parties merger in 1990, after merger the press had been transformed as the reinforced lap-guard dog because this merger entailed joint, party-to-party negotiations, and the formation of the new party preceded by dissolution of the ruling blot. In the early stage of Kim Young Sam government(1993-1997), the press has kept in pace with the reform movement drive-forced by the government. However, the press withdrew the support of Kim's reform in reaching the level of threat to ruling bloc. The press coalesced only circumstantially with government and was interested in preserving some margin of independence. The failure of Kim's reform proved the political muscle of the press in post-autho-ritarianism. In the middle stage of Kim Dae Jung government (1998-) that resulted in the shift of power structure as once-opposition party leader, the stress has been a manifested attack-guard dog owing to the anti-cold war policy, the realignment policy of power, and the minority-base of Kim's government. The press has endeavored to hold political communication within limits relatively less threatening to the established order.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.34 no.10
• /
• pp.1393-1401
• /
• 2010

In this experimental study, we have examined the correlation between a human carpal motion and a surface electromyogram. The carpal motion patterns have been identified and the main muscles involved in the carpal motion have been determined by investigating the anatomical structure of a carpal. The torque acting against the carpal motion has been applied by using a device for carpal rehabilitation training, and the surface electromyogram signal corresponding to the torque at the main muscles has been measured. The root-mean-square (RMS) magnitude of the surface electromyogram signal has been calculated and used to analyze the correlation between the surface electromyogram signal and carpal motion. The experimental results have proved that for carpal torque values below $0.1\;N{\cdot}m$, the RMS magnitude of the surface electromyogram signal is linearly proportional to the carpal torque magnitude and that the carpal torque magnitude is linearly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the carpal muscles. Further, the analysis of the contribution of each muscle to the carpal motion has shown that the contribution of the most dominant muscle is consistently 60%. These three results can be applied to develop more sophisticated devices or robots for carpal rehabilitation training.