• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to define the content of requisite human structure and function knowledge needed for clinical knowledge of nursing practice. Subjects of human structure and function were divided into 10 units, and each unit was further divided into 21 subunits, resulting in a total of 90 items. Contents of knowledge of human structure and function were constructed from syllabus of basic nursing subjects in 4 college of nursing, and textbooks published by nurse scholars prepared with basic nursing sciences. The degree of need of 90 items was measured with a 4 point scale. The subjects of this study were college graduated 136 nurses from seven university hospitals in Seoul and three university hospitals located in Chonnam Province, Kyungbook Province, and Inchon. They have been working at internal medicine ward, surgical ward, intensive care unit, obstetrics and gynecology ward, pediatrics ward, opthalmology ward, ear, nose, and throat ward, emergency room, rehabilitation ward, cancer ward, hospice ward, and their working period was mostly under 5 years. The results were as follows: 1. The highest scored items of human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice were electrolyte balance, blood clotting mechanism and anticoagulation mechanism, hematopoietic function, body fluid balance, function of plasma, and anatomical terminology in the order of importance. The lowest scored items of human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice was sexual factors of genetic mutation. 2. The highest order of need according to unit was membrane transport in the living unit, anatomical terminology in movement and exercise unit, mechanism of hormone function in regulation and integration unit, component and function of blood in oxygenation function unit, structure and function of digestive system in digestive and energy metabolism unit, temperature regulation in temperature regulation unit electrolyte balance in body fluid and electrolyte unit, concept of immunity in body resistance unit, and genetics terminology in genetics unit. The highest order of importance according to subunit was membrane transportation in cell subunit, classification of tissues in tissue unit, function of skin and skin in skin subunit, anatomical derivatives of the skeleton subunit, classification of joints in joint subunit, an effect of exercise on muscles in muscle subunit, function of brain in nervous system subunit, special sense in sensory subunit mechanism of hormone function in endocrine subunit, structure and function of female reproductive system in reproductive system unit, structure and function of blood in blood unit, structure of heart, electrical and mechanical function in cardiovascular system unit, structure of respiratory system in respiratory system subunit, structure and function of digestive system in digestive system subunit, hormonal regulation of metabolism in nutrition and metabolism subunit, function of kidney in urologic system subunit, electolyte balance in body fluid, electolyte and acid-base balance subunit. 3. The common content of human structure and function knowledge need for all clinical areas in nursing was structure and function of blood, hematopoietic function, function of plasm, coagulation mechanism and anticoagulation mechanism, body fluid, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. However, the degree of need of each human structure and function knowledge was different depending on clinical areas. 4. Significant differences in human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice such as skin and derivatives of the skin, growth and development of bone, classification of joint, classification of muscle, structure of muscle, function of muscle, function of spinal cord, peripheral nerve, structure and function of pancrease, component and function of blood, function of plasma, structure and function of blood, hemodynamics, respiratory dynamics, gas transport, regulation of respiration, chemical digestion of foods, absorption of foods, characteristics of nutrients, metabolism and hormonal regulation, body energy balance were demonstrated according to the duration of work. 5. Significant differences in human structure and function knowledge necessary for nursing practice such as classification of tissue, classification of muscles, function of muscles, muscle metabolism, classification of skeletal muscles, classification of nervous system, neurotransmitters, mechanism of hormone function, pituitary and pituitary hormone, structure and function of male reproductive organ, structure and function of female reproductive organ, component and function of blood, function of plasma, coagulation mechanism and anticoagulation mechanism, gas exchange, gas transport, regulation of respiration, characteristics of nutrients, energy balance, function of kidney, concept of immunity, classification and function of immunity were shown according to the work area. Based on these findings, all the 90 items constructed by Korean Academic Society of Basic Nursing Science should be included as contents of human structure and function knowledge.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the curriculum on biological nursing: structure and function of the human body, clinical microbiology, pathophysiology, and function and effect of drugs. Methods: Data was collected by searching and reviewing internet websites of 102 nursing schools or universities which provide 4 years nursing education in the Republic of Korea. The 74 curriculum on biological nursing science were available and analyzed by title, credits, hours, types of major (core or selective), offering semester, and laboratory practice. Results: The titles of 4 courses were diverse and were offered as core major (core requisites) or selective major. Structure and function of human body was offered in priority with more credits. Laboratory practice was poorly established in most courses. Biological nursing science courses were mostly taught in the second semester of the first year and the first or second semester of second year nursing education courses. Conclusion: There is a need to standardize the curriculum on biological nursing science and to expand the use of titles proposed by academic society. Also further research is necessary to identify curriculum details and to reflect the needs of professors.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.93-99
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• 2002

Ride comfort, one of the most important performances of a car, is affected by vibration, noise, dynamic movement, and ergonomic factors. Among these factors, ride comfort vibration is heavily affected by the seat system, tire, suspension, and body structure. In this study, vibration characteristics of seat, tire, suspension, and body structure are analyzed. The vibration transfer function from the road input to the human body is also investigated.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop standard syllabuses of 4 subjects (Structure and Function of Human Body, Pathogenic Microbiology, Pathophysiology, Mechanisms and Effects of Drug) of bionursing. Methods: We developed standard syllabuses of 4 subjects through 3 step discussions and analysis. At first each committee for 4 subjects made the syllabus, after then all researchers discussed together. Finally each committee concluded final one. Committee members consisted of professors who teach that subject at nursing college. Results: Standard syllabus for Biological Nursing I-1 or Structure & Function of Human Body I consisted of 3 parts and 9 themes and for Biological Nursing I-2 or Structure & Function of Human Body II was 3 parts and 9 themes. Standard syllabus for Biological Nursing II or Pathogenic Microbiology consisted of 8 themes and Biological Nursing III or Pathophysiology consisted of 2 parts and 19 themes. Standard syllabus for Biological Nursing IV or Mechanisms & Effects of Drug consisted of 2 parts and 13 themes. Conclusion: The standard syllabuses and titles of 4 subjects of bionursing need to be disseminated to all the nursing college by Academy of Korean Biological Nursing Science. Further researches to investigate curriculum for bionursing and to identify the effects of 4 standard syllabuses were recommended.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

Neiging Medicine(內經醫學) based on Yin-Yang and Five elements was the main stream of Korea Traditional Medicine until the end of 19th century. And the establishment of Sasang Constitutional medicine. In this paper, author proved that the Yin-Yang of Sasang Constitutional Medicine was different from that of Neiging Medicine and that explained the Yin-Yang of Sasang Constitutional Medicine as our own medicine. After considering the philosophical and medical background of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, and author researched the Yin-Yang of ontology, structure, function, symptoms in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Also we compared this with that of Neiging medicine. The results were as follows 1. Neiging Medicine was based on the Yin-Yang and Five elements centering on the nature and Sasang joy, and pleasure centering on the human. 2. The ontology of Sasang Constitutional Medicine were the mind as a unitary substance, the mind and body as a dual substance, and affair, mind, body, and objects as a four substance which were the basic theory of philosophy. 3. Sasang Constitutional Medicine explained social phenomenon with a four substancial structure consisted of affairs, mind, body, and objects, a complex four substancial structure consisted of heaves, human, nature and order, and a three dimension structure including time. 4. On the other hand Neiging Medicine recognized seven emotions as five emotions, Sasang Constitutional Medicine recognized seven emotions as qi, nature, and emotions which consisted of sorrow, anger, joy, and pleasure. The qi had an effect on internal and external part of body and the nature and the emotion had an effect on the upward and downward of body. 5. It was taked great importance to control the up and down balance and the internal and external balance in Sasang Constitutional Medicine instead of reinforcing and reducting method of Neiging Medicine. 6. The Yin-Yang of Korean Traditional Medicine developed centering on the human from centering on the nature and Sasang Constitutional Medicine was a practical medicine compared with Neiging Medicine.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.427-432
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• 2012

Primary cilia, single hair-like appendage on the surface of the most mammalian cells, were once considered to be vestigial cellular organelles for a past century because of their tiny structure and unknown function. Although they lack ancestral motility function of cilia or flagella, they share common ground with multiciliated motile cilia and flagella on internal structure such as microtubule based nine outer doublets nucleated from the base of mother centrioles called basal body. Making cilia, ciliogenesis, in cells depends on the cell cycle stage due to reuse of centrioles for cell division forming mitotic spindle pole (M phase) and assembling cilia from basal body (starting G1 phase and maintaining most of interphase). Ciliary assembly required two conflicting processes such as assembly and disassembly and balance between these two processes determines the length of cilia. Both process required highly conserved transport system to supply needed substance to grow tip of cilia and bring ciliary turnover product back to the base of cilia using motor protein, kinesin and dynein, and transport protein complex, IFT particles. Disruption of ciliary structure or function causes multiple human disorder called ciliopathies affecting disease of diverse ciliated tissues ranging from eye, kidney, respiratory tract and brain. Recent explosion of research on the primary cilia and their involvement on animal development and disease attracts scientific interest on how extensively the function of cilia related to specific cell physiology and signaling pathway. In this review, I introduce general features of primary cilia and recent progress in understanding of the ciliary length control and signaling pathways transduced through primary cilia in vertebrates.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.36-48
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• 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study is to modernize Nutrient Qi(營氣) and Defense Qi(衛氣) from the point of view of Visceral Body and Somatic Body. Methods: Investigate the areas of body and function of Nutrient Qi(營氣) and Defense Qi(衛氣) recorded in the 『HuangdiNeijing(黃帝內經)』 and 『Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)』. And investigate Visceral Body and Somatic Body that anatomical structure is divided according to function based on the book 『Life and Rhythm』. Results: Nutrient Qi(營氣) works to nourish the body such as viscera and bowels in the meridian. Defense Qi(衛氣) works to protect the body such as skin, limb joint, eye outside the meridian. The human body is divided into Visceral Body called a vegetable organ and Somatic Body called an animal organ. Visceral body is the organ that manages "nutrition-reproductive" and is divided into the intestine(腸管), blood vessels(血管), and the nephridium(腎管). Somatic Body is an organ that manages 'sensory-motion' and is divided into a three-layer structure: the outer layer covering the body surface, the nerve layer connecting the outer layer and the muscle layer, and the muscle layer controling contraction and movement. Conclusions: It is estimated that Nutrient Qi(營氣) is similar to Visceral Body, and Defense Qi(衛氣) is similar to Somatic Body.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-29
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• 1992

In this study, the author researched the process in which the philosophical basis of 'Sa Sang Medicine (四象醫學)' and its methodology build up the principles of Sa Sang Medicine, and then, examined how the principles were applied to the theoretical system of Sa Sang Medicine. The conclusion would be summarized as follows. 1. 'Nae Kyung Medicine (內經醫學)' was developed under the concept that the cosmos's order and its moving rule could be directly applied to that of human body, which corresponded to the 'Theory of Hwang-No (黃老之學)'. On the contrary, Sa Sang Medicine is a thoroughly human-oriented theory formed in the Confucianism system. 2. Lee Jae-Ma's Substantialism can be briefed into 'Mind 心' (Tae Keuk 太極), 'Mind-Body 心身' (Yang Eui 兩儀) and 'Activity-Mind-Body-Matter 事心身物' (Sa Sang 四象), which respectively represents one-elemented substance, two-elemented substance and four-elemented substance. Especially, Sa Sang was used as a basic framework in which he recognized all the objects and phenomena. So, most critical significance of his substantialism consists in the intention of Sa Sang type classifying. 3. By the method of Sa Sang type classifying, Lee Jae-Ma not only redefined the main concepts of confucianism and developed a unique philosophy of his own, but also, in the field of medical science, resystemized and re-explained the structure and function of human body. 4. From the recognition that Activity-Mind-body-Matter (Sa Sang) are four different existence forms of energy 氣 (or four variation types of energy), Yi Jae-Ma thinks that the viscera of human body have a vertical structure of 'four parts 四焦' (upper, mid-upper, mid-lower and lower parts) and its physiological function is operated by the rising and falling action of four energy presentations (sorrow 哀, anger 怒, joy 喜 and pleasure 樂). 5. In "Gyuk Chi Go 格致藁", Lee Jae-Ma understood the concept of joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure on the basis of nature-emotion theory 性情論 from the philosophical viewpoint. But, from the medical viewpoint of "Dong Eui Su Se Bo Won 東醫壽世保元", he understood them on the basis of vital energy theory. That is, sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure are expression of advance or reverse of nature vital-energy 性氣 and emotion vital-energy 情氣. 6. The rising and falling action principle of four energy presentations (sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure) which produces and helps each other is an identical principles of Sa Sang Medicine, distinguished from the Oh-Haeng 五行 circulating principle in Nae Kyung Medicine. Through this principle, Lee Jae-Ma explained the viscera physiology of human body, pathology & diagnosis and pharmacology.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.369-377
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• 2000

Hot spring water is petrifaction water and mixed with animals and plants disintegrated water in the underground. The ingredient are complicated and abundant. The contained element is used to facilitate the function of human body. activate the human structure movement. discharge waste material due to increase circulation and metabolism, also it can remain the homeostasis. We can not find research for spa therapy in our country. We use to drink and bath in the hot spring water bue don't have rehabilitation facilities

• The Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2002

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to get knowledge about osteopathy and to applicate the osteopathy to oriental medicine. Methods: We investigated several books and literatures on osteopathy related sites explored by internet to know the general theories and present conditions of osteopathy in Korea and other countries. Results & Conclusion : 1. The principles of osteopathy are as follows. First, the human being is a dynamic unit of function. Second, the body possesses self regulating mechanisms which are self healing in nature. Third, structure and function are reciprocally interrelated. Fourth, the body rational therapy is based upon knowledge and use of the above three principles. 2. Doctors of osteopathy evaluate the musculoskeletal system to identify structural problems and to support the body's natural tendency toward health and self healing. 3. We can applicate the osteopathy to oriental clinical medicine based on interpreting the principles of osteopathy.