• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.376-391
• /
• 2013

Brackets in ships and offshore structures are added structures that can endure stress concentrations. In this study, a concurrent engineering solution was proposed, and a high strength low carbon cast steel alloy applicable to offshore structures was designed and developed. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the designed steel were 480 and 600 MPa, respectively. The carbon equivalent of the steel was 0.446 with a weld crack susceptibility index of 0.219. The optimal structural design of the brackets for offshore structures was evaluated using ANSYS commercial software. The possibility of replacing an assembly of conventional built-up brackets with a single casting bulb bracket was verified. The casting process was simulated using MAGMAsoft commercial software, and a casting fabrication process was designed. For the proposed bulb bracket, it was possible to reduce the size and weight by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively, compared to the conventional type of bracket.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.689-694
• /
• 2013

A duplex stainless steel sheet with 1 wt.% gadolinium was fabricated for a neutron absorbing material with high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and low cost as well as high neutron absorption capability. The microstructure of the as-cast specimen has typical duplex phases including 31% ferrite and 69% austenite. Main alloy elements like chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and gadolinium (Gd) are relatively uniformly distributed in the matrix. Gadolinium rich precipitates were present in the grains and at the grain boundaries. The solution treatment at $1070^{\circ}$ for 50 minutes followed by the hot-rolling above $950^{\circ}$ after keeping the sheet at $1200^{\circ}$ for 1.5 hours are important points of the optimum condition to produce a 6 mm-thick plate without cracking.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제52권12호
• /
• pp.2949-2957
• /
• 2020

Fatigue crack growth model has been developed for dissimilar metal weld joints of a piping component under cyclic loading, where in the crack is located at the center of the weld in the circumferential direction. The fracture parameter, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) has been computed by using principle of superposition as K_H + K_M. K_H is evaluated by assuming that, the complete specimen is made of the material containing the notch location. In second stage, the stress field ahead of the crack tip, accounting for the strength mismatch, the applied load and geometry has been characterized to evaluate SIF (K_M). For each incremental crack depth, stress field ahead of the crack tip has been quantified by using J-integral (elastic), mismatch ratio, plastic interaction factor and stress parallel to the crack surface. The associated constants for evaluation of K_M have been computed by using the quantified stress field with respect to the distance from the crack tip. Net SIF (K_H + K_M) computed, has been used for the crack growth analysis and remaining life prediction by Paris crack growth model. To validate the model, SIF and remaining life has been predicted for a pipe made up of (i) SA312 Type 304LN austenitic stainless steel and SA508 Gr. 3 Cl. 1. Low alloy carbon steel (ii) welded SA312 Type 304LN austenitic stainless-steel pipe. From the studies, it is observed that the model could predict the remaining life of DMWJ piping components with a maximum difference of 15% compared to experimental observations.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2018

In this paper, specimen tests with simulated large seismic conditions have been carried out to investigate damage characteristics such as structural deformation and crack initiation under seismic loading. The mechanical behavior of the specimens is predicted by numerical simulations and the strain-based damage evaluations are performed. Finite element analyses of the specimens under the simulated seismic loading at room and operating temperatures were carried out for low alloy steel and stainless steel materials. Peak strain amplitude, cumulative fatigue damage and cumulative strain limit damage are calculated considering the nature of cyclic loading. In all cases, the allowable damage criteria are exceeded at the time of observing cracks visually in the tests. Therefore, it is confirmed that the material behavior due to the large seismic loads can be predicted by the numerical method and the structural damage of the materials can be evaluated conservatively based on the strain criteria.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.487-495
• /
• 2012

고속의 탄을 방호하기 위해 전통적으로 알루미늄 합금, RHA(Rolled Homogeneous Armour) 강과 같이 인장 및 압축 강도가 큰 금속이 주로 방탄재료로 사용되었다. 이런 전통적인 방탄재료는 우수한 방탄성능을 가지는 반면, 면 밀도가 커서 방탄 장갑의 무게를 증가시키는 요인이 된다. 때문에 작은 면 밀도를 가질 뿐만 아니라 큰 비강도를 가지는 마그네슘합금이 전통적인 방탄재료의 대체제로 평가받고 있다. 하지만 전통적인 방탄재료에 비해 마그네슘합금의 공간 효율이 떨어져 장갑의 두께 혹은 부피를 증가시키는 요인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 마그네슘합금의 공간 효율의 개선을 위해 마그네슘합금 단일물질이 아닌 세라믹(Ceramic), 마그네슘합금(Mg alloy), 케블라(Kevlar)를 순서대로 적층한 하이브리드 장갑모델을 선정하였고, 9mm FMJ(Full Metal Jarket) 탄 위협에 대한 방탄해석을 통해 하이브리드 장갑이 방탄성능 척도인 면밀도를 감소시킬 뿐만 아니라 공간효율도 개선시킴을 보였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• 제1권2호
• /
• pp.45-52
• /
• 1983

Many pressure vessels for the hot H$\sub$2//H$\sub$2/S service are made of 2+1/4Cr-1Mo steel with austenitic stainless steel overlay to combat agressive corrosion due to hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen dissolves in to materials during operation, and sometimes gives rise to unfore-seeable damages. Appropriate precautions must, therefore, be taken to avoid the hydrogen induced damages in the design, fabrication and operation stage of such reactor vessels. Recently, hydrogeninduced cracking (or Disbonding) was found at the interface between base metal and stainless weld overlay of a desulfurizing reactor. Since the stainless steel overlay weld metal is subjected to thermal and internal-pressure loads in reactor operation, it is desirable for the overlay weld metal to have high strength and ductility from the stand point of structural safety. In section III of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Post-Weld Heat Treatment(PWHT) of more than one hour per inch at over 1100.deg. F(593.deg. C) is required for the weld joints of low alloy pressure vessel steels. This heat treatment to relieve stresses in the welded joint during construction of the pressure vessel is considered to cause sensitization of the overlay weld metal. The present study was carried out to make clear the diffusion of carbon migration by PWHT in dissimilar metal welded joint. The main conclusion reached from this study are as follows: 1) The theoretical analysis for diffusion of carbon in stainless steel overlay weld metal does not agree with Fick's 2nd law but the general law of molecular diffusion phenomenon by thermodynamic chemical potential. 2) In the stainless steel overlay welded joint, the PWHT at 720.deg. C for 10 hours causes a diffusion of carbon atoms from ferritic steel into austenitic steel according to the theoretical analysis for carbon migration and its experiment. 3) In case of PWHT at 720.deg. C for 10 hours, the micro-hardness of stainless steel weld metal in bonded zone increase very highly in the carburized layer with remarkable hardening than that of weld metal.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 2016

도장 또는 금속용사는 강구조물의 방식에 널리 사용되고 있으며, 금속용사와 도장의 복합방식법은 혹독한 부식환경하에 놓인 강구조물에 고내후성 피복방식법으로 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아연(Zn), 아연-알루미늄(ZnAl)합금, 알루미늄(Al), 알루미늄-마그네슘(AlMg)합금의 4종류 금속용사 후 실링 처리한 시편, 4종류 금속용사 후 중방식 도장한 시편과 도장만 실시한 시편을 대상으로 175일간의 ISO 20340 부식촉진실험을 실시하여, 각 방식법의 상대적인 내후성능을 비교, 검토하였다. 강재표면까지 도달하는 원형 및 선형 초기결함으로부터의 표면상태 변화 및 도막의 노화면적에 근거한 내후성능의 평가 결과, 금속용사 후 실링 처리한 시편의 경우에는 알루미늄(Al) 및 알루미늄-마그네슘(AlMg)금속용사 후 실링 처리한 시편이 가장 우수한 내후성능을 보였으며, 금속용사 후 도장을 실시한 금속용사와 도장의 복합방식법의 경우에는 아연(Zn)용사에 도장을 실시한 복합방식 시편이 가장 우수한 내후성능을 나타내었다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국철도학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.2046-2052
• /
• 2008

For the lighting of vehicles structural casting components of aluminum casting alloys are substituted for those of steel or iron. For the manufacturing of large-scale premium quality aluminum castings the developments of a new casting process and a heat treatment process are necessary. The optimum casting design and heat treatment condition for large-scale castings are drawn with the help of Z-Cast software for the casting process analysis in this study. Low pressure sand casting method is applied successfully to produce air bag support components of D357 aluminum casting alloy.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2007

For high performance and structural stability, application of high strength steel has continuously increased. However, the change of the base metal gives rise to problems with the accuracy management of the welded structure. It is attributed to the martensite phase transformation of the high strength low alloy steel weldment. The purpose of this study is to establish the predictive equation of transverse shrinkage and residual stress for the HY-100 weldment. In order to do it, high speed quenching dilatometer tests were performed to define a coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) at the heating and cooling stage of HY-100 with various cooling rates. Uncoupled thermal-mechanical finite element(FE) models with CTE were proposed to evaluate the effect of the martensite phase transformation on transverse shrinkage and residual stresses at the weldment. FEA results were verified by comparing with experimental results. Based on the results of extensive FEA and experiments, the predictive equation of transverse shrinkage and longitudinal shrinkage force at the HY-100 weldment were formulated as the function of welding heat input/in-plane rigidity and welding heat input respectively.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.43-49
• /
• 1993

AI킬드한 극저탄소강에 Ti, Nb등의탄화물 또는 질화물 형성원소를 첨가하면 우수한 디프드로잉특성과 내시효성을 나타내는 강판을 얻을 수 있다고 알려져 있으므로 본 연구에서는 Ti및 Nb를 단독 또는 동시에 첨가하거나 B를 추가로 첨가한 고강도 극저탄소 강판을 제조하여 각각의재결정 집합조직과 기계적 성질을 측정비교하여 보았다. 역극점도에 나타난 집합조직강도의 변화를 조사한 결과 어닐링처리에 의하여 (100)면 강도와 (111)면 강도의 변화가 가장 많이 나타난 것은 Nb첨가강이며, Nb와 Ti를 단독으로 첨가한 강과 Ti를 단독으로 첨가한 강은 변화정도가 비슷하였다.극점도를 비교하면,Nb와 Ti를 동시에 첨가한강, Nb를 단독으로 첨가한 강 그리고 Ti를 단독으로 첨가한강 모두 냉간 압연한 상태에서는{112}<110>집합조직이 발달하였으며 어닐링처리한 후에는 {111}<112>집합조직이 잘 발달하였다. 그러나 세 종류의 강간에 집합조직의 차이는 별로 없었다. 결정립도와 관계가 깊은 경도에서는 결정립도가 가장 작은 Nb 및 Ti동시첨가강에서 경도가 가장 높고, Nb단독첨가강, Ti단독첨가강의 순서로 감소하는 경향을 보였다.