• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2003

In a structure, many components are fastened together using bolts, nuts and rivets through drilled holes. Not only do these fastened joints enable easy assembly and dismantling, they are also able to transfer as well as to distribute loads applied onto the structures. The major drawback of such connections, however, is that the fatigue life of the components is reduced by the presence of the hole since the stress concentration around the hole is increased. In addition, the hole drilling process itself may introduce defects or roughness at the surfaces of the hole that may cause further decrease in fatigue performance of the components. For applications where fatigue loadings are important, one way to compensate the decrease in fatigue life of the components is by introduction of beneficial compressive residual stress around the hole using cold working. The material used for this research were A12024-T351 and A17050-T7451 using the primary member of aircraft. We present, In this paper, the characteristics of coldworking by evaluation of the hole expansion ratio, residual stress distribution, and fatigue properties.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1120-1132
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• 2003

A problem of a circular elastic inhomogeneity interacting with a crack under uniform loadings (mechanical tension and heat flux at infinity) is solved. The singular. integral equations for edge and temperature dislocation distribution functions are constructed and solved numeric-ally, to obtain the stress intensity factors. The effects of the material property ratio on the stress intensity factor (SIF) are investigated. The computed SIFs are used to predict the kink angle of the crack when the crack grows.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.73-78
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• 2000

This paper describes the effect of span-to-depth ratio, which describes aspect of cell formed with top diaphragm steel plate, on capacity in composite steel-concrete structure of sandwich system. The span-to-depth ratio \ulcorner load-carrying mechanism and load-distribution capacity of structure. Therefore, stress levels of members and load-resis\ulcorner of system vary according to span-depth ratio. In this study, numerical nonlinear analysis was performed to various ratio for two types(MA, MB) composite structure of sandwich system to analyze the influence of span-to-depth ratio or, behavior. The difference of load-carrying mechanism and stress of members results from analysis results, then bas\ulcorner differences, the effects of span-to-depth ratio on shear capacity, flexural capacity and load-resistance capacity were analyze effects on failure mode and ductility were briefly. As a results of this study, as span-to-depth ratio increases, \ulcorner bottom steel plate and concrete lower. This implies an increase in effective flexural and shear capacity. Therefore lo\ulcorner capacity of structure improves as span-to-depth ratio increases, Especially, the effect is greate in shear than flexural span-to-depth ratio increases, this difference between flexural and shear capacity may change failure mode and ductility. span-to-depth ratio increases capacity increases more than flexural capacity, we should expect that structural behavior mode gradually change from shear to flexural and ductility of structure gradually improves.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.327-335
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• 2021

Microcracks can rapidly grow and develop in high-strength steels used in offshore structures. It is important to render these microcracks harmless to ensure the safety and reliability of offshore structures. Here, the dependence of the aspect ratio (As) of the maximum depth of harmless crack (a_hlm) was evaluated under three different conditions considering the threshold stress intensity factor (Δk_th) and residual stress of offshore structural steel F690. The threshold stress intensity factor and fatigue limit of fatigue crack propagation, dependent on crack dimensions, were evaluated using Ando's equation, which considers the plastic behavior of fatigue and the stress ratio. a_hlm by peening was analyzed using the relationship between Δk_th obtained by Ando's equation and Δk_th obtained by the sum of applied stress and residual stress. The plate specimen had a width 2W = 12 mm and thickness t = 20 mm, and four value of As were considered: 1.0, 0.6, 0.3, and 0.1. The a_hlm was larger as the compressive residual stress distribution increased. Additionally, an increase in the values of As and Δk_th(l) led to a larger a_hlm. With a safety factor (N) of 2.0, the long-term safety and reliability of structures constructed using F690 can be secured with needle peening. It is necessary to apply a more sensitive non-destructive inspection technique as a non-destructive inspection method for crack detection could not be used to observe fatigue cracks that reduced the fatigue limit of smooth specimens by 50% in the three types of residual stresses considered. The usefulness of non-destructive inspection and non-damaging techniques was reviewed based on the relationship between a_hlm, a_NDI (minimum crack depth detectable in non-destructive inspection), a_{cr N} (crack depth that reduces the fatigue limit to 1/N), and As.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.396-407
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• 1999

Although tinnitus is a common disease, it's reason, pathogenesis and treatment are not examined clearly. As tinnitus is a subjective complaint, it is not easy to evaluate objectively and to compare with another. In this study, we intend to estimate the effect of a variety of oriental medical treatments to tinnitus. We inquired about 30cases of tinnitus patients visited the Kwang-ju Oriental Medical Hospital of Wonkwang University from Apr. 1998 to Sep. 1998. We examined the 30cases in the view of sex, age, occupation, duration, etiologic factors, past history, associating symptoms, quality of tinnitus, and recovery rate after treatments. The results were as follows: 1. In distribution of sex, the ratio of male was $63.3\%$(19cases)and\;female\;was\;36.6\%$(11cases). 2. In distribution of age, the ratio of the 2th decade was $6.6\%(2cases),\;the\;3th\;decade\;was\;20.0\%(6cases),\;the\;4th\;decade\;was\;16.6\%(5cases),\;the\;5th\;decade\;was\;23.3\%(7cases),\;the\;6th\;decade\;was\;30.0\%\;(9cases),and\;the\;7th\;decade\;was\;3.3\%(1case)$. 3. In distribution of occupation, the ratio of employee was $23.3\%$(7cases), house-keeper was $63.3\%(11cases),\;farmer\;was\;16.6\%(5cases),\;teacher\;was\;13.3\%$ (4cases), and student, merchant, soldier was each $3.3\%$(1case). 4. In distribution of duration, the ratio of under 1month was $6.6\%$ (2cases), 1 month -6 months was $20.0\%$(6cases), 6 months- 12months was $30.0\%$(9cases), 12months-36months was $23.3\%$(7cases), and over 36months was $20.0\%$(6cases). 5. In etiologic factor of tinnitus, the ratio of unknown reason was $40.0\%$ (12cases), overwork was $16.6\%$(5cases), emotional stress was $10.0\%$(3cases), noise was $6.6\%$(2cases), cases of laying overwork upon stress was $13.3\%$(4cases), head trauma was $3.3\%$(1case), gun report was $3.3\%$ (1case), and after sickness was $6.6\%$(2cases). 6. 9 cases had experienced such a disease as meniere's disease, tympanitis, labyrinthitis, trauma of tympanum, hypertension, etc. 7. Commonly associated symptoms were dizziness, deafness, uneasiness, headache, ear fullness, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, and forgetfulness. 8. Most frequent quality of tinnitus were buzzing, whistling, humming etc. 9. In $76.6\%$(23cases) of tinnitus patients, it was improved, but in $23.3%$(7cases) of them, not improved. Total recovery rate was $42.2\%$.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.217-233
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• 2005

Elastic and electromagnetic waves can be used to gather important information about particulate materials. To facilitate smart geophysical characterization of particulate materials, their fundamental properties are discussed and experimental procedures are presented for both elastic and electromagnetic waves. The first application is related to the characterization of particulate materials using shear waves, concentrating on changes in effective stress during consolidation, multi-phase phenomena with relation to capillarity, and microscale characteristics of particles. The second application involves electromagnetic waves, focusing on stratigraphy detection in layered soils, estimation of void ratio and its spatial distribution, and conduction in unsaturated soils. Experimental results suggest that shear waves allow studying particle contact phenomena and the evolution of interparticle forces, while electromagnetic waves give insight into the characteristics of the fluid phase and its spatial distribution.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.69 no.6
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• pp.667-676
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• 2019

Minimizing the stress concentration around hypotrochoid hole in finite metallic plates under in-plane loading is an important consideration in engineering design. In the analysis of finite metallic plate, the effective factors on stress distribution around holes include curvature radius of the corner of the hole, hole orientation, plate's aspect ratio, and hole size. This paper aims to investigate the impact of these factors on stress analysis of finite metallic plate with central hypotrochoid hole. To obtain the lowest value of stress around a hypotrochoid hole, a swarm intelligence optimization method named ant lion optimizer is used. In this study, with the hypothesis of plane stress circumstances, analytical solution of Muskhelishvili's complex variable method and conformal mapping is employed. The plate is taken into account to be finite, isotropic and linearly elastic. By applying suitable boundary conditions and least square boundary collocation technique, undefined coefficients of stress function are found. The results revealed that by choosing the above-mentioned factor correctly, the lowest value of stress would be obtained around the hole allowing to an increment in load-bearing capacity of the structure.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.13-29
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• 1997

This paper considers a new routing problem, successive max-min connection ratio problem (SMCRP), arised in circuit telecommunication networks such as SONET and WDM optical transport network. An optimization model for SMCRP is established based on link-flow formulation. It's first optimization process is an integral version of maximum concurrent flow problem. Integer condition does not give the same connection-ratio of each node-pair at an optimal solution any more. It is also an integral multi-commodity flow problem with fairness restriction. In order to guarantee fairness to every node-pair the minimum of connection ratios to demand is maximized. NP- hardness of SMCRP is proved and a heuristic algorithm with polynomial-time bound is developed for the problem. Augmenting path and rerouting flow are used for the algorithm. The heuristic algorithm is implemented and tested for networks of different sizes. The results are compared with those given by GAMS/OSL, a popular commercial solver for integer programming problem.n among ferrite-pearlite matrix, the increase in spheroidal ratio with increasing fatigue limitation, 90% had the highest, 14.3% increasing more then 70%, distribution range of fatigue.
ife was small in same stress level. (2) $\sqrt{area}_{max}$ of graphite can be used to predict fatigue limit of Ductile Cast Iron. The Statistical distribution of extreme values of $\sqrt{area}_{max}$ may be used as a guideline for the control of inclusion size in the steelmaking.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.223-230
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• 2020

As a case study on aspect ratio behavior, Kaolin, zeolite, TiO₂, pozzolan and diatomaceous earth minerals are investigated using wet milling with 0.3 mm media. The grinding process using small media of 0.3 pai is suitable for current work processing applications. Primary particles with average particle size distribution D₅₀, ~6 ㎛ are shifted to submicron size, D₅₀ ~0.6 ㎛ after grinding. Grinding of particles is characterized by various size parameters such as sphericity as geometric shape, equivalent diameter, and average particle size distribution. Herein, we systematically provide an overview of factors affecting the primary particle size reduction. Energy consumption for grinding is determined using classical grinding laws, including Rittinger's and Kick's laws. Submicron size is obtained at maximum frictional shear stress. Alterations in properties of wettability, heat resistance, thermal conductivity, and adhesion increase with increasing particle surface area. In the comparison of the aspect ratio of the submicron powder, the air heat conductivity and the total heat release amount increase 68 % and 2 times, respectively.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.76-88
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• 1997

Constant .DELTA.K fatigue crack growth rate experiments were performed by applying an intermediate single and multiple overload for structural steel, SM45C. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of multiple overloads at various stress intensity factor ranges and the effect of statistical variability of crack retardation behavior. The normalized delayed load cycle, delayed crack length and the minimum crack growth rate are increased with increasing baseline stress intensity factor range when the overload ratio and the number of overload application were constant. The crack retardation under low baseline stress intensity factor range increases by increasing the number of overload application, but the minimum crack growth rate decreases by increasing the number of overload application. A strong linear correlation exists between the minimum crack growth rate and the number of overload applications. And, it was observed that the variability in the crack growth retardation behavior are presented, the probability distribution functions of delayed load cycle, delayed crack length and crack growth life are 2-parameter Weibull. The coefficient of variation of delayed load cycle and delayed crack length for the number of 10 overload applications data are 14.8 and 9.2%, respectively.