• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2008

Purpose: The study was to develop an instrument to measure grandmothering stress for Korean day-care grandmothers and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument Method: The items of the instrument were based on a literature review and secondary data, After content validity tests and a pilot test, 20 items were developed. In order to test the reliability and validity of the scale, data were collected from 126 grandmothers. Result: After a factor analysis, five factors and 15 items were selected. These explained 67.2% of the total variance. The first domain was termed 'Health problems', and explained 18.1 % of the total variance, and the second domain of 'Possibility of role substitution' explained 13.8%. The third and the fourth domains were 'Relations with adult children' and 'Grandchildren's characteristics' explaining 12.5% and 12.1 %, respectively. The last domain explained 10.8% of the total variance with the theme 'Restriction of social life' After accomplishing the reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was determined to be .75. Conclusions : This initial step in the development of a Grandmothering Stress Index is valuable to reflect the subject of Grandmothering stress in senior citizens in Korea. Future study should to refine the constitution of the instrument.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2022

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the protective effects of paeoniflorin (PF) against neuronal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice. The brains of LPS-injected control group showed significantly increased neuroinflammation by activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and increasing inflammatory mediators. However, administration of PF significantly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide levels, and reactive oxygen species production in the brain; PF at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day downregulated the expression of NF-κB pathway-related proteins and significantly decreased inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, tropomycin receptor kinase B, were significantly increased in PF-treated mice. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase activity and the ration of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X were significantly reduced by PF in the brains of LPS-induced mice, resulting in the inhibition of cholinergic dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, we can conclude that administration of PF to mice prevents the development of LPS-induced AD pathology through the inhibition of neuronal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, suggesting that PF has a therapeutic potential for AD.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 유효탄성균열모델과 점성균열모델의 개념에 기초한 임계응력확대계수, 임계균열단개구변위와 파괴에너지, 이선형 연화 곡선같은 콘크리트의 파괴특성들을 초기재령 콘크리트에 관해 구명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 모드 I의 파괴를 일으킬 수 있는 쐐기쪼갬시험이 노치가 있는 육각형의 쐐기 시험체에 대하여 수행되었다. 강도와 재령의 변화에 따라 하중-균열입구변위 곡선이 얻어졌으며, 이것은 선형탄성 파괴역학과 유한요소법에 의해 분석되었다. 실험 결과를 분석한 결과, 재령 1일부터 재령 28일까지의 임계응력확대계수와 파괴에너지는 증가하였으며, 임계균열단개구변위는 감소하였다. 또한 수치해석을 통하여 재령 1일부터 재령 28일까지의 이선형 연화 곡선의 네 파라미터를 구할 수 있었다. 이렇게 얻어진 초개재령 콘크리트의 파괴특성치와 이선형 연화 곡선은 초기재령 콘크리트의 파괴 기준과 유한요소해석시의 입력 상수로서 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.725-732
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• 2020

The sudden drop of water temperature in winter is very threatening factor that affects the productivity of farmed fish and the management in aquafarm. In this study, we investigated the effect of low temperature on the survival, oxygen consumption and stress responses of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus due to acute drop of water temperature. The survival rate of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus was 5% at 6℃, 95% at 8℃ and 100% at 10℃ on the 4^th day of exposure in each experimental temperature. Low-lethal temperature for 4days of parrotfish Oplegnathus fasciatus (4 day-LT₅₀) was 6.99℃ (confidence limit, 6.55-7.42℃). Oxygen consumption rate was significantly decreased with decreasing water temperature. Temperature coefficient (Q₁₀) was found to be 4.0 between 10℃ and 8℃ and 0.39 between 8℃ and 6℃. As a result of investigating the stress response according to the drop in water temperature, the concentration of SOD (Superoxide dismutase), cortisol, glucose, total Ig, AST (Aspartate) and ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) increased with decreasing of water temperature. This study would be useful for the management of temperature about cultured fish.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze factors affecting suicidal ideation of athletes in middle and high school. Methods: The data in this study came from the survey which conducted to 500 students of physical education high school athletes and elite athletes in general school from the beginning of December 2009 to the end of January 2010 in Seoul and Kyunggi. Finally 436 cases was used. The dependant variable is suicidal ideation in this study. And the independent variables are socio-demographic factors, exercise-related factors, school and family environments, stress and depression factor. The analysis method is logistic regression analysis. Finally 436 cases was used. Results: First, the rate of suicidal ideation of athletes in middle and high school was 28.9%. Second, there were significant differences between stress and sex, grades, athletic career, kind of sport, sport skill level, the average exercise time per day, family circumstances, life satisfaction, future expectations. Third, there were significant differences between depression and sex, academic achievements, the average exercise time per day, family circumstances, life satisfaction, future expectations. Fourth, there were significant differences between suicidal ideation and sport skill level, academic achievements, the average exercise time per day, family circumstances, life satisfaction, future expectations. Fifth, the higher level of stress and degree of depression, the more increased the risk of suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Considering the close relationship between suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, to reduce the suicidal ideation of athletes in middle and high school it is necessary to adjust exercising time properly and to promote life satisfaction. Also to overcome depression and stress support system should be established and to promote self-efficacy cognition strength program should be introduced in the school. So athletes in middle and high school should have confidence and self-confidence on the future.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2021

Neonatal hypoxia/ischemia (H/I), injures white matter, results in neuronal loss, disturbs myelin formation, and neural network development. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have been reported in neonatal hypoxic brain injuries. We investigated whether Paeoniflorin treatment reduced H/I-induced inflammation and oxidative stress and improved white matter integrity in a neonatal rodent model. Seven-day old Sprague-Dawley pups were exposed to H/I. Paeoniflorin (6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg body weight) was administered every day via oral gavage from postpartum day 3 (P3) to P14, and an hour before induction of H/I. Pups were sacrificed 24 h (P8) and 72 h (P10) following H/I. Paeoniflorin reduced the apoptosis of neurons and attenuated cerebral infarct volume. Elevated expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bad were regulated. Paeoniflorin decreased oxidative stress by lowering levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species generation and while, and it enhanced glutathione content. Microglial activation and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling were significantly down-regulated. The degree of inflammatory mediators (interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) were reduced. Paeoniflorin markedly prevented white matter injury via improving expression of myelin binding protein and increasing O1-positive olidgodendrocyte and O4-positive oligodendrocyte counts. The present investigation demonstrates the potent protective efficiency of paeoniflorin supplementation against H/I-induced brain injury by effectually preventing neuronal loss, microglial activation, and white matter injury via reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.252-260
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• 2019

Background: Increases in the average global temperature cause heat stress-induced disorders by disrupting homeostasis. Excessive heat stress triggers an imbalance in the immune system; thus protection against heat stress is important to maintain immune homeostasis. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as a herbal medicine and displays beneficial biological properties. Methods: We investigated the protective effects of Korean ginseng extracts (KGEs) against heat stress in a rat model. Following acclimatization for 1 week, rats were housed at room temperature for 2 weeks and then exposed to heat stress ($40^{\circ}C$/2 h/day) for 4 weeks. Rats were treated with three KGEs from the beginning of the second week to the end of the experiment. Results: Heat stress dramatically increased secretion of inflammatory factors, and this was significantly reduced in the KGE-treated groups. Levels of inflammatory factors such as heat shock protein 70, interleukin 6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were increased in the spleen and muscle upon heat stress. KGEs inhibited these increases by down-regulating heat shock protein 70 and the associated nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Consequently, KGEs suppressed activation of T-cells and B-cells. Conclusion: KGEs suppress the immune response upon heat stress and decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines in muscle and spleen. We suggest that KGEs protect against heat stress by inhibiting inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2017

Salt stress is one of the most limiting factors that reduce plant growth, development and yield. However, identification of salt-inducible genes is an initial step for understanding the adaptive response of plants to salt stress. In this study, we used an annealing control primer (ACP) based GeneFishing technique to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Italian ryegrass seedlings under salt stress. Ten-day-old seedlings were exposed to 100 mM NaCl for 6 h. Using 60 ACPs, a total 8 up-regulated genes were identified and sequenced. We identified several promising genes encoding alpha-glactosidase b, light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, metallothionein-like protein 3B-like, translation factor SUI, translation initiation factor eIF1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 and elongation factor 1-alpha. These genes were mostly involved in plant development, signaling, ROS detoxification and salt acclimation. However, this study provides new molecular information of several genes to understand the salt stress response. These genes would be useful for the enhancement of salt stress tolerance in plants.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.309-326
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• 1998

In general, the major causative factor of halitosis is thought to be a sulfated compounds. Clusterin, a sulfated glycoprotein-2(SGP-2), is frequently found in diabetic conditions and cold stress conditions. The same result is werum glucose level to diabeteic and cold stress conditions that founded Clusterin. Therefore, this study was performed to examine Clusterin in the slivary glands under stress conditions before insulin injection I.M. Fourty rats were diveded into 3 groups ; 1) 10 rats of gorup I were selected as a control 2) 15 rats beloning to group II were bathed in cold water for 30 seconds twice a day 3) 15 rats in group III received cold stress and injected I.M. with insulin. The rats were sacrifeced at day 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 of the experiment and the submandibular glands and parotid galnds were removed. RNAs were purified from the salivary of the salivary glands were subjected to Hematoxillin-Eosin stainings and examined under the light microscope. The obtained results were as follows : 1. With immunohistochemistric method, in normal control goup, Clusterin was moderately stained in the intercalated ductal cell of the submandibualr glands, mild stained in the striated ductal cell of the submandibular glands, heavily stained on the cytoplasm of the intercalated ductal cell in the mucous submandibular glands nad slightrly stained in the intercalated ductal cell of the paroted gland, expressed negativity in the acina cell. 2. With immunohistochemistric method, Clusterin slightly increased in the acina cell of the submandibular glands under stress condition at 3 days after experement, moderately stained at 5 days after experiment so revealed positive response. And hearily in the intercalated ductal cell and mildly lin the acina celluar eytoplasm of the parotid glands under stress condition at 3 days experiment. 3. With immunohistochemistric method, no remarkable differences are found between the normal control group and stress conditioned group that insulin administration was performed before. 4. In the stressor-giving group, Clusterin mRNA was porminently expressed in submandibular gland after 5 days after experiment, in parotid gland after 3 days after experiment, performed in immunoelectrophoresis method. 5. In the insulin-injected nad stressor-giving group, Clusterin mRNA was not observed in all experimental submandibular and parotid gland, performed in immunoelectrophoresis method.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.215-220
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• 2001

The objective of this study is to examine the fracture characteristics of concrete at early ages such as critical stress intensity factor, critical crack-tip opening displacement, fracture energy based on the concepts of the effective-elastic crack model and the cohesive crack model. A wedge splitting test for Mode I was performed on cubic wedge specimens with a notch at the edge. By varying strength and age, load-crack mouth opening displacement curves were obtained and the results were analyzed by linear elastic fracture mechanics. The results from the test and analysis showed that critical stress intensity factor and fracture energy increased, and critical crack-tip opening displacement decreased with concrete age from 1 day to 28 days. The obtained fracture parameters at early ages may be used as a fracture criterion and an input data for finite element analysis of concrete at early ages.