• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

PG has been well studied about effects of stress resistance. Although ZJ has been known that it had stress resistance effect since ancient times, its pharmacological properties and clinical applications have not been studied and reported until recently. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether effects of stress hormones, mechanism of stress protein could be induced by PG and ZJ of herb extract ingestion during stress exposure. In addition, this study identified expression of apoptosis factors related to stress. 1) Bcl-2 expression of the stressed rats decreased in comparison with the unstressed rats in heart and stomach. Bcl-2 expression of rats administered to PG was higher than the stressed rats in heart and that of rats administered to ZJ was higher than the stressed rats in stomach. 2) Stressed rats were decreased in p53 protein expression than normal rats. Thus, the results suggest stress-induced apoptosis is p53-independent apoptosis. And these results demonstrated that PG or ZJ administration helped to return from stress state to normal. 3) Clusterin expressed markedly in only salivary gland, but that of expression was no difference among four groups in tissues. Clusterin expression has no relation of stress-induced apoptosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.100-112
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• 2011

Objectives : This study investigated the effects of electroacupuncture on memory, depression, and plasma stress hormone levels in rats that were under immobilization stress. Materials and Methods : The immobilization-only group was given two hours of immobilization stress for 10 consecutive days. The immobilization and high frequency EA group was given two hours of immobilization stress simultaneously with high frequency (100Hz) electroacupuncture stimulation on the right ST-36 (Zusanli) for 10 consecutive days. We conducted the inhibitory avoidance and forced swimming tests to recognize whether immobilization stress and electroacupuncture have effects on memory and depression. We collected blood samples from the tail of each rat at 30, 60, 90, and 120-minute intervals during the immobilization stress and EA stimulation to measure plasma concentrations of ACTH, corticosterone, melatonin, and norepinephrine induced by immobilization stress and electroacupuncture. Results : There was a significant effect of high frequency on the increase in anamnesis based on the result of the inhibitory avoidance test, but there was no significant effect of decreasing depression based on the result of the forced swim test. Also, there was no significant effect on the response indicated by stress hormones. Conclusions : 1. High frequency electroacupuncture (100Hz) improved anamnesis in immobilization stress states under the inhibitory avoidance task. 2. High frequency electroacupuncture (100Hz) did not reduce depression induced by immobilization stress under the forced swimming test. 3. High frequency electroacupuncture (100Hz) did not decrease stress hormones through blood sampling.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2022

Objectives : This study investigated anti-inflammatory effects of Nardotidis seu Sulculii Concha water extract (NSCE) against restraint-induced stress. Methods : In vivo, NSCE was orally administered to male white mice at concentrations of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 3 days, and then restraint-induced stress was induced for 6 hours. The level of liver damage was measured by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The stress-related hormones such as cortisol and corticosterone were measured by ELISA assay. Also, western blot analysis was performed to detect expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. Pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the liver tissue, and Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to examine liver inflammation through macrophage infiltration. Results : The AST, ALT, LDH and the stress related hormones such as cortisol and corticosterone were significantly decreased in the NSCE treated group compared with stress group. In histological analysis, H&E staining of liver tissues did not detect the hepatic injury or damage in all groups. As a result of IHC staining, it was confirmed that infiltration of macrophages was increased in the stress-induced group, but decreased in the group treated with NSCE. The COX-2 and MAPK proteins expression was significantly increased by restraint-induced stress, but these proteins were decreased in the NSCE treated group. Conclusions : These results suggest that NSCE has the anti-inflammatory activity in restraint-induced stress model, and it is believed that NSCE can be used for the prevention of liver inflammation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.209-216
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• 2015

Stress is now recognized as a universal premorbid factor associated with many risk factors of various chronic diseases. Acute stress may induce an individual's adaptive response to environmental demands. However, chronic, excessive stress causes cumulative negative impacts on health outcomes through "allostatic load". Thus, monitoring the quantified levels of long-term stress mediators would provide a timely opportunity for prevention or earlier intervention of stressrelated chronic illnesses. Although either acute or chronic stress could be quantified through measurement of changes in physiological parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of various metabolic hormones, it is still elusive to interpret whether the changes in circulating levels of stress mediators such as cortisol can reflect the acute, chronic, or diurnal variations. Both serum and salivary cortisol levels reveal acute changes at a single point in time, but the overall long-term systemic cortisol exposure is difficult to evaluate due to circadian variations and its protein-binding capacity. Scalp hair has a fairy predictable growth rate of approximately 1 cm/month, and the most 1 cm segment approximates the last month's cortisol production as the mean value. The analysis of cortisol in hair is a highly promising technique for the retrospective assessment of chronic stress. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 209-216]

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.621-639
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• 2022

Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g., hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design biological research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.357-369
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was designed to examine the effect of Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture on the change in behavior, sleep-related hormones, inflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidants, weight, blood, and serum on rats given chronic physical stress. Methods: Wistar rats older than age 10 weeks were used in this experiment. They were divided into six groups. The normal group was not given stress. The control group was given only chronic physical stress and no treatment. The positive control group was given chronic physical stress and treated with zolpidem. Three Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture (HPP) groups were given chronic physical stress, then treated with different concentrations of HPP; HPP-0.5× (0.5 times diluted), HPP-1× (undiluted) and HPP-2× (2 times condensed). The changes of values of Nestlet Shredding results, weight, Melatonin, Gamma-aminobutylic Acid (GABA), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), AST, ALT, BUN, Creatinine, and leukocytes were observed during the experiment. Results: The changes in chronic physical stress of the rat model were as follow. The Nestlet Shredding result increased in the control group compared to the normal group (p<0.05), and decreased in the HPP-1× and HPP-2× compared to the control group (p<0.05). The amount of weight gain showed increasing tendency in the HPP-2× compared to the control group since the second week. The GABA increased (p<0.05) and Melatonin also showed certain increasing tendency in the HPP-1× and HPP-2× compared to the control group. The TNF-α and IL-6 increased in the control group compared to the normal group (p<0.01), and decreased in all the HPPs compared to the control group (p<0.05). The SOD level decreased in the control group compared to the normal group (p<0.01), and increased in all the HPPs compared to the control group (p<0.05). GPx, AST, ALT, Bun, Creatinine and leukocytes showed no noticeable difference among all groups. Conclusions: Hominis Placenta Pharmacopuncture was effective in increasing weight, GABA, Melatonin, SOD, and decreasing Nestlet Shredding and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that it consequently facilitates in relieving physical stress.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1604-1611
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• 2006

Ostreae concha is natural products of sea that haves good function for anti-stress. WE observed the effect of Otreae concha, Yukkwooltang and yukwool-tang add Ostreae concha for catecholamine, GOT, GPT, LDH and TG after immobilization stress, Ostreae concha depressed the stress response. In immunohistochemical analysis, The area of withe pulp of the spleen decreased in the control groups as compared with control ones. At same time, more severe histological changes of spleen such as the decreased diameter of periarterial lymphoid sheath and splenic node were demonstrated in the rats challenged with emotional stress. But these changes were slightly recovered in rats pretreated with Sample I, Sample II and Sample III. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the expression of the inflammation-related protein tended to increase. But a decline of these expression, especially TNF-${\alpha}$ by pretreated with Sample I, were observed in the red pulp of spleen of the experimental rats. These results suggest that ostreae concha may act as a therapeutic agent for stress disease through a regulation of stress-related hormones.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 1998

Background: Preoperative blocking of surgical nociceptive inputs may prevent sensitization of CNS and reduce postoperative pain. The stress responses to surgical trauma consist of increase in catabolic hormones and decrease in anabolic hormones. We studied whether preoperative intravenous morphine could affect postoperative pain and change plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels. Methods: Thirty eight patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Control group (n=11) did not received intravenous morphine, preoperative group (n=13) received intravenous morphine (0.1 mg/kg as a bolus 10 min before operation and followed by 1.5 mg/hr for 10 hours), postoperative group (n=14) received the same doses and method of intravenous morphine of preoperative group postoperatively. Postoperative pain relief was provided with i.v. fentanyl through Patient-Controlled-Analgesia Pump. Postoperative visual analogue scores (VAS), analgesic requirement (first request time, total amounts used), side effects, plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels were compared. Results: VAS were different between control group and the other two goups, but were not different between preoperative and postoperative group. Total amounts of used fentanyl were not different among groups, but first request time were significantly delayed in the preoperative group compared with the other two groups ($66.2{\pm}33.9$ vs $39.0{\pm}15.4$ and $45.0{\pm}14.9$ min respectively, p<0.05). Plasma cortisol and serum glucose levels were not different among groups. Conclusions: Above dosage of preoperative and postoperative morphine has analgesic effect, but could not block surgical stress induced plasma cortisol and serum glucose increase.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1027-1035
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• 2008

This research is aimed to investigate the effect of repetitive dive on physiological reactions, change of stress hormones in no decompression limit of sport SCUBA dive, an emerging recreational activity recently. In order to compare physiological reactions prior to and after the initial dive and after repetitive dive at a certain depth of a place, eight adult male divers with more than forty dives, who reside in Busan and were certified, were selected. The research results obtained from the procedures described above are follows: First, for physiological reactions, heart rates, temperatures, and systolic blood pressures had significant difference among prior to and after the initial dive and after the repetitive dive, while diastolic blood pressures did not show remarkable difference as it increased before and after the first dive but decreased following the repetitive dive again. Second, for change of stress hormones, it was not significantly different prior to and after the initial dive and following the repetitive dive, as well as before and during the first dive and the repetitive dive.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

To find the preliminary environmental conditions for a short-time transport of living olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, the stress response and physiological metabolic activity of the cultured fish to feed deprivation and slow temperature descending ($15.8^{\circ}C{\rightarrow}13.3^{\circ}C$) were monitored for 8 days. The monitored variables were the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$) and thyroid hormones ($TT_4$, $TT_3$, $FT_4$ and $FT_3$). In food deprivation experiment for 8 days, we did not find any statistical change of level in AST, ALT and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), but found a significant decrease in TP and GLU. In thyroid hormones, the levels of four hormones in plasma were all showing a tendency to decrease. Especially, $FT_4$ and $TT_3$ were significantly decreased, indicating a withering of physiologic activity. In the temperature test, although no any significant change in AST, TP and electrolytes ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$), we observed a significant decrease of ALT and GLU following to temperature descending from $15.8^{\circ}C$ to $13.3^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). In the levels of thyroid hormones, any significant change was not observed for experimental period. We conclude that the stress response and physiological activity of olive flounder were more influenced by feed deprivation than slow temperature descending at a transport of living fish, and plasma GLU appears to be sensitive factor to physiological metabolic activity, indicating that it could be used as a monitering mark or index for a health inspection of the fish.