• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 1983

The occurrence of PZ-peptidase in Streptococcus sanguis and other oral bacteria was investigated utilizing washed whole cells as the enzyme source and PZ-pentapeptide as its substrate. Under the culture conditions employed in the present study. Streptococcus sanguis strains, fresh isolates as well as laboratory strains, produced a broad range of the enzyme activity (0.5-7.9 unit/mg protein). The strains of both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli showed low levels of activity (0-0.5 unit/mg protein for S. mutans). As compared with the enzyme activities of other bacteria, a moderate range of activity was produced by the strains of Strptococcus mitis nad Strptoccus salivarius. Actinomyces strains, like those of S. sanguis, produced a varying amount of activity (0-9.8 unit/ mg protein). A possible involvement of the oral bacterial PZ-peptidase in the metabolism of human saliva proteins is discussed.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.466-472
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• 1999

The insoluble glucan is the major substance of dental plaque. In order to isolate the bacteria inhibiting the formation of insoluble glucan in disposable cuvette, saliva was got from about 10 thousand children. The isolated bacteria were tested by API 20S kit and API 50 CHL kit. These bactreia were identified as Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus sanguis, Enterococcus durans, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus. When Streptococcus mutans was cultured with Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mitior, Streptococcus sanguis, Enterococcus durans, Lactococcus lactis, or Lactobacillus acidophilus in disposable cuvette, the optical density at 550 nm was 0.823, 0.912, 0.894, 0.878, 0.753, 0.845, 1.021 respectively, while being 1.503 in the disposable cuvette culturing Streptococcus mutans only.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 2002

To develop the natural antibacterial agents which don't have any toxicity against man, collected several species of medicinal plants were tested for their antibacterial activity from dental caries bacteria Streptococcus sanguis. The result of using paper disc method and the result of viable cell counting method, Phellodendri Cortex was selected as antibacterial agent. The high antibacterial activity was acquired at high extraction temperature and long extraction temperature. The antibacterial of Phellodendri Cortex was not effected by the concentration of ethanol.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 1989

The purpose of the present investigation was to improve several procedures being used in the adherence assay of Streptococcus sanguis cells to hydroxyapatite (HA) beads and to study the effect of the beads on the counting of radioactivity. The standard adhere assay involved the adherence of radiolabeled bacteria to 40mg of HA beads. The beads were mixed with ['H]thymidine-labeled bacterial cells and incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature. Unadsorbed cells were removed, the beads with adsorbed cells were dried, and the radioactivity was monitered in a scintillation spectrometer. The 30 seconds sonication of cells in a form of long chains appeared to be adequate for obtaining mostly singlet or doublet cells. Unlike the counting of S. sanguis cell suspension, bacterial cells adhered to HA or saliva-coated HA(SHA) required smaller volume (2.5ml) of scintillaton fluid for better counting. Eighteen percent quenching of counts could be attributed to the beads. Among 3 procedures commonly used to equilibrate the beads for adherence assay, no differences were found in their effectiveness. The HA beads on which the bacteria remained attached in scintillant during the counting were found to be the source of sample self-absorption representing 34.5% of the total radioactivity counts resulting from the beads dissolved in HCl solution.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 1996

Bacteremia occurs in a wide variety of clinical procedures in oral cavity. Reduction of the number of causative microorganisms of infective endocarditis in oral cavity by local administration of antimicrobial agents decreases the magnitude of bacteremia and possibility of infective endocarditis. The effects of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis were investigated by measurement of turbidity. The effects of 0.1% chlorhexidine gargling for 7 days on oral bacterial flora, total streptococci, S. mutans, S. aureus, and S. epidermis in whole saliv a of 7 healthy human subjects, were investigated by measurement of Colony Forming Units (CFU). The obtained results were as follows : 1. Chlorhexidine showed significant antimicrobial effects on Streptococcus snaguis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis. However, the effects on S. sanguis and S. gordonii were not apparent compared with other microorganisms. 2. Oral gargling of 0.1% chlorhexidine decreased the CFU values of normal oral bacterial flora, total streptococci, S. mutans, S. aureus, and S. epidermis in whole saliva. The antimicrobial effects were significant after 4 days of chlorhexidine gargling. 3. Local antimicrobial administration in addition to systemic antibiotic prophylaxis can be highly recommended as an effective adjunct regimen for prevention of infective endocarditis.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2009

Essential oils are mixture of volatile, lipophilic compounds originating from plants. Essential oils have potential biological effects, i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic and antiplasmodial activities and insect-repellent property. In this study, five essential oils, namely R, LG, FR, O, and NM, extracted from various aromatic plants were used to test their antimicrobial activity against the oral microorganisms. The effects of essential oils were investigated against eight important bacteria, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus sanguis (S. sanguis), Streptococcus anginosus (S. anginosus), Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Essential oils, except NM, effectively inhibited the growth of tested oral pathogenic microorganisms dose-dependently. However, the essential oils didn't show a significant inhibitory effect against E. coli and S. epidermidis. Consequently, these results represented that essential oil-mediated anti-microbial activity was prominent against the oral pathogenic bacteria. For example, minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) of R, LG, FR oil against A. actinomycetemcomitans was very low as 0.078 mg/mL. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of R, LG, FR, O oil against S. mutans was low as 0.156 mg/mL in vitro.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.330-336
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• 2000

A large number of streptococci that do not fit readily into any of the established classification schemes have been relegated to a large heterogeneous group called the Streptococcus viridans, which are members of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the body, including the oral cavity, the nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. This group includes S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. milleri, etc. Surveying on the literature, it has been reported that infective endocarditis, meningitis, rhabdomyolysis, cholangitis, appendicitis caused by Streptococcus viridans, which were the most important pathogen in children with malignant hematologic disease. Various antibiotics has been chosen for treatment or prophylaxis for these infections, but were generally lower antimicrobial susceptibilities because of an abuse of antibiotics and advent of resistant group. Therefore, surveillant culture must be performed to evaluate personal antimicrobial susceptibilities of intraoral microbes for proper antimicrobial choice for dental procedures. This study examined sampling from subgingival plaque of 60 chidren's microbes. The cultured bacterial isolates, Streptococcus viridans were examined 10 antimicrobial drugs with the Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method. The used drugs were Penicillin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin. The results were as follows : 1. Sampling Streptococcus viridans were S. mitis(65%), S. oralis(22%), S. sanguis(5%), S. intermedius(3%), S. salivarius(2%), S acidominimus(2%), Unidentified streptococcus(2%). 2. The antimicrobial susceptibility of total Streptococcus viridans : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Pencillin=Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Ampicillin< Clindamycin< Gentamicin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 3. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. mitis : Oxacillin=Erythromycin< Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Penicillin=Ampicillin< Gentamicin< Clidamycin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 4. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. oralis : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Penicillin=Ciprofloxacin=Clindamycin< Cephalothin=Gentamicin< Ampicillin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 5. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial susceptibility among each Streptococcus viridans group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1986

This study was designed to compare the antimicrobial effect of the several root canal cements and to determine the duration of their activity. After Strep. sanguis 9811 was streaked on the surface of BHI agar and Plain agar, PVC tubes filled with root canal cements were applied and cultured for 48 hours, aerobically. Following results were obtained, 1. All of the examined root canal cements had antimicrobial activity with varying degree. 2. The antimicrobial activity of N2 was larger than any other root canal cements. Nogenol and Tubliseal showed the lowest activity. ZOE, AH26, Procosol and PCA cement showed the moderate antimicrobial activity. (P>0.05) 3. At one day after mixing the root canal cements, all of the root canal cements except N2 and PCA cement showed greatly reduced antimicrobial activity. 4. At three days after mixing, PCA cement showed the reduced antimicrobial activity. N2 showed the reduced activity at 7 days after mixing.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2016

The aim of the study was performed to examine the anticariogenic potential of purified bee venom (Apis mellifera L., PBV) collected using bee venom collector from cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The anticariogenic effect of purified bee venom was evaluated by agar well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentraion (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and postantibiotic effect (PAE). The human lower gingiva epithelial cell cytotoxicity of purified bee venom was also evaluated. Purified bee venom exhibited significant inhibition of bacterial growth of S. mutans, S. sanguis, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum with MIC value of 0.68, 0.85, 3.49, and $2.79{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The MBC value of purified bee venom against S. mutans, S. sanguis, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum was 1.34, 1.67, 8.5, and $6.8{\mu}g/ml$. Furthermore, the results of PAE values against S. mutans, S. sanguis, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum showed the bacterial effect with 3.3, 3.45, 2.0, and 2.0. The concentration below 1 mg/ml of purified bee venom had no cytotoxicity in the human lower gingiva epithelial cell. These results suggested that purified bee venom have great potenial as anticariogenic agents.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-84
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• 2011

PURPOSE. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the adhesion of initial colonizer, Streptococcus sanguis, on resin, titanium and zirconia under the same surface polishing condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Specimens were prepared from Z-250, cp-Ti and 3Y-TZP and polished with $1 {\mu}m$ diamond paste. After coating with saliva, each specimen was incubated with Streptococcus sanguis. Scanning electron microscope, crystal violet staining and measurement of fluorescence intensity resulting from resazurin reduction were performed for quantifying the bacterial adhesion. RESULTS. Surface of resin composite was significantly rougher than that of titanium and zirconia, although all tested specimens are classified as smooth. The resin specimens showed lower value of contact angle compared with titanium and zirconia specimens, and had hydrophilic surfaces. The result of scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that bound bacteria were more abundant on resin in comparison with titanium and zirconia. When total biofilm mass determined by crystal violet, absorbance value of resin was significantly higher than that of titanium or zirconia. The result of relative fluorescence intensities also demonstrated that the highest fluorescence intensity was found on the surface of resin. Absorbance value and fluorescence intensity on titanium was not significantly different from those on zirconia. CONCLUSION. Resin specimens showed the roughest surface and have a significantly higher susceptibility to adhere Streptococcus sanguis than titanium and zirconia when surfaces of each specimen were polished under same condition. There was no significant difference in bacteria adhesion between titanium and zirconia in vitro.