• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.26-37
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• 2004

Most domestic small rivers and streams due to industrialization and urbanization have managed by concrete structures. The environmental functions of the river and stream are disappearing and urban streams play only the role of drainage systems. Also, the researches to restore natural streams are something yet to develop and not established the restoration for ecological functions of a small stream. Therefore the researches are required to develop ecological engineering system for watershed management system to handle various pollutants with restoration for ecological functions of a small stream. To develop this, the ecological engineering system for watershed management system could be developed with ecological conservation. In addition, ecological engineering system for watershed management system should be prior to conserve the habitat of biological resources and water conservation and applied to the original shape of streams. Also, it should be designed to restore the micro-topography of stream, the habitat of plant population in watershed. It is needed to develop the integrated researches to restore a small stream ecosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2005

Yangjae stream was divided with Seoul and Gwacheon reach. Seoul reach was ecologically restored; however, Gwacheon reach was not. Similarity index of the bird communities between the two areas was relatively high, 79.9%. The dominant species in Seoul reach were Passer montanus, Pica pica, Paradoxornis webbianus and Anas crecca. The dominant species in Gwacheon reach were Passer montanus, Pica pica, Paradoxornis webbianus and Streptopelia orientalis. The different species was Anas crecca in Seoul and Streptopelia orientalis in Gwacheon. An eco-park was constructed along the stream of Seoul reach since 1996 but was not in Gwacheon reach; the number of species has increased in Seoul area($r^2$=0.846, p<0.01), but Gwacheon was not change($r^2$=0.023, p>0.05) since 1996. The number of individuals, however, was almost constant in both reaches(Seoul : $r^2$=0.211, p>0.05, Gwacheon : $r^2$=0.032, p>0.05). In Seoul reach, the ecological restoration of stream was helpful to increase bird diversity. The number of waterbirds such as herons, plovers, sandpipers and wagtails was higher in Gwacheon reach than in Seoul reach, but the number of ducks and songbirds was higher in Seoul reach than in Gwacheon reach. We suggest that the ecological restoration in Seoul area might have negative effects on sandpipers, plovers and wagtails inhabiting on the flood plain in stream, but positive effects on other species such as herons, ducks and songbirds. Especially, the increasing number of ducks was attributed to an artificial pond in flood plain. The difference in the number of Streptopelia orientalis between both reaches was owing to the habitat differences such as forest trees playing a role as patch in high revetment. From the present investigation, it could be concluded that the ecological restoration of the local stream must be carried out with consideration of water channels, sand banks and water front in addition to the high revetment for birds to attract diverse bird communities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.138-149
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to evaluate Suwon stream naturalness Index(S.N.I). and tofind out stats, problems and opportunities of the Suwon stream by assessment standard. Assessment standard is mainly based on physical structure of stream environment. the purpose evaluating sectors and elements are physical form and structure restoration of stream. To find out assessment standard of stream naturalness index, conceptual frame of assessment standard has been established, for which four sections, for example, longitudinal section, lateral section, stream bottom structure and water environment, have been selected. Overall stream naturalness index of the Suwon stream has been distributed at 3rd to 4th grade, and 3.3 of assessment index and mode were 3rd grade respectively. stream naturalness index of each section was as follows: Longitudinal section accounted for 3.7in average to be 4th grade, lateral section did 3.8 to be 4th grade, and water environment did 2.4 to be 2nd grade. Analysis of assessment outcome of stream naturalness index has checked status, problems and opportunities of corresponding stream. Assessment of stream naturalness index of the study provides useful information for restoration of close-to-nature stream, and furthermore has its meaning in checking problems and opportunities of Suwon stream.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.207-225
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• 2013

Current ecological stream restoration is focusing on recovery of physical characteristic and ecological functions of individual stream. For effective stream restoration, the relationship between stream environment and riparian flora should be investigated. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures and naturalized plants ratio in small to mid-sized streams. For the study sites, Gwanpyeong stream, Dongdal stream, and Yongchoo streams were chosen as 'reference stream' while, Gunnam stream, Anchang stream, and Hwa stream were chosen as 'damaged stream'. The hydromorphological structures of streams were evaluated with LAWA and flora of the streams were completely enumerated to calculate naturalized plants ratio. The result showed that there was a significant correlation between the outcome of LAWA and naturalized plants ratio(r=0.675, p<0.01). The result of factor analysis of LAWA identified three factors, 'River front and land use', 'River bed materials and structures', and 'Crossing structure and bar'. Among the factors of hydromorphological structures given by the result of factor analysis, 'river front and land use' and 'bed materials and structures' have statistically significant relationship with naturalized plants ratio($R^2$=0.470, p<0.01). Given this results, quantitative analysis on the relationship between disturbance of hydromorphological structures of streams and naturalized plants ratio could provide some essential information for stream restoration. Also, as this study figured out major factors of hydromorphological structures that affect naturalized plants ratio, it might help monitor ecological states and current problems of small and mid-sized streams.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.133-146
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• 2014

This study aims to analyze the changes of adjacent residential area after the restoration of covered urban streams in seoul. The changes of adjacent residential area after restoration were analyzed by changes of land using, urban structure, individual lot of land and architecture to investigate relationship of the urban stream and residential change. The result as follows: the first one is the change of land use and urban structure in adjacent residential area. This change of infrastructure through stream restoration has transformed land use and urban structure in adjacent residential area. Secondly, there is the changes of the individual lot of land. It seemed that new development by combined lots would be concentrated in stream-side blocks. But, the changes of lots such as combining or dividing lots tend to be concentrated in stream-side, main road and main streets. In stream-side, commercial function of land use has changed to residential one which has restored streams landscape by transformation of lots use without changes of ownership-lots. Finally, there is the change of architecture. It turned out new building in adjacent residential area is similar to general development. However, new building in streamside is related to direction of stream. In addition, remodeling and expansion tend to change in commercial buildings on stream-side bridges of corner lots intensively. As a result, it is related to expectation of architectural activation and improvement of sidewalk environment by stream restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.62-73
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• 2001

The riparian environments of urban streams in Korea have been disturbed through the channelization for flood control and artificial land use as well as water pollution and flow decrease due to industrialization and urbanization. The flora and vegetation structure were investigated and an implication of stream restoration was discussed for the conservation of biodiversity in the riparian area of the Seunggi stream in Incheon. Naturalized plants and ruderal plants were widely distributed in the riparian area which was disturbed from cultivating, trampling, dumping etc. Submerged and floating hydrophytes were not found in the stream due to channelization and water pollution. Some halophytes were remained in downstream and reservoir after reclamation and embankment. The communities of Humulus japonicus, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Artemisia montana, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Aster pilosus were distributed in the disturbed area of bank slope and floodplain in the stream. As a natural potential vegetation, Phragmites australis in the wet meadow, Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Oenanthe javanica, Persicaria thunbergii, and Penthorum chinense in the marsh, and Salix babylonica and Salix matsudana for. tortuosa in the woodland appeared in the floodplain. The topography in the stream played an important role on the distribution of riparian vegetation in the Seunggi stream. Appropriate methods for conservation and restoration of the riparian ecosystems must be planned on the basis of the actual vegetation in the disturbed urban stream.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.381-391
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• 2009

This is the study of the effects and changes on the ichthyofauna and fish community in Jeonju-cheon stream (located in Jeonju Cit, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea) after the implementation of the Natural Stream Restoration Project. The restoration of the stream was carried out between April 2000 and December 2002, and it covered the mid-section of the stream starting from the upstream of Hanbyeok Bridge down to Samcheon where branches of water join. It is 7.2 km long and passes through the downtown area. In this study, comparisons were made before and after the restoration. Before the restoration (1975 to 1999), the number of fish species collected from the Jeonju-cheon stream turned out to be 12 to 18 species, whereas after the restoration (2003 to 2008), it increased up to 34 species in total. Especially in the case of the middle and downstream sections running across the central regions of the city (Daga Bridge to Seosin Bridge), the number of fish species significantly increased from 5 species to 22 species. Such a dramatic increase of fish species appears to be directly related to the restoration of the stream which was designed to improve the quality of water by preventing polluted sewage water from running into the stream. Besides, the structure of stream bed which became more diversified into various components such as marshes and shallows, as well as rocks, Pebbles, sand and clay, also contributed to the increase of fish species.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2015

Topsoil including numerous soil seedbanks has been known to be a valuable material for ecological restoration. There is a lack of specific study for its utilization in the field of stream restoration. This study conducted a revaluation of the value of topsoil as a material for stream restoration. Furthermore, an ecological technique using topsoil was applied in an improvement project of a stream environment at the Hwanggujicheon Stream in Korea. Stockpiling and spreading topsoil was specifically applied to the revegetation of a low slope revetment and a high flow plain. The result of this application showed that topsoil played an integral role in eco-friendly restoration in terms of ecological, flood control, economic, and constructional aspects. In conclusion, this study's findings suggest that topsoil is a suitable candidate material for stream restoration.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.390-407
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• 2020

This study was carried out to evaluate the restoration effect in the restored Yangjae stream and to draw up an adaptive management plan based on the results. As the result of evaluation on the restoration effect, the restored Yangjae stream was evaluated with low naturalness in both terms of the morphology of the stream and the composition and spatial distribution of vegetation. The diverse functional groups were introduced in the vegetation restoration, but the flooding regime, which is significant in the spatial distribution of riparian vegetation, were not correctly reflected. Exotic species or species that were not ecologically suitable for the location were introduced on the embankment and thus a measure to improve those problems is required. As the ecological principle was not reflected in the restoration plan, the stream was constructed as the double terrace structure. Therefore, the width of the waterway was narrowed further, and the waterfront was not designed to accommodate changes from flooding disturbance, making the micro-topography of the stream simpler and the naturalness lower. The adaptive management plan was prepared to improve those problems, and a plan for creating an ecological network was recommended to enhance the restoration effect.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2015

This study focuses on whether a physical habitat model, River2D, is useful to assess and design stream restoration. To achieve the aim, the habitat suitability for Zacco Platypus was analyzed using River2D at midstream of the Anyang-Cheon through modifying the low flow channel and changing the flow discharge. The River2D simulation results show that the inhabited environment for Zacco Platypus is improved by increasing the sinuosity of the low flow channel, and vice versa. Also the inhabited environment for Zacco Platypus gets worse when there is no additional flow for maintenance water supply at the stream flowing through cities. In this respect, the physical habitat simulation study based on the River2D model is useful because it provides a practical guidance in designing stream restoration.