• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

The study was designed to estimate the in vitro rumen by-pass rate of both chromium methionine chelate as an organic supplement and $ClCl_3$ as an inorganic supplement. Rumen by-pass rates of the supplements were evaluted by comparing ruminal metabolites in rumen fluid and Cr and methionine contents in the body of ruminal microorganism. For in vitro digestion examination, basic nutrients for ruminal microbes were supplied with 7g(DM) of feed, 2g of rice straw, and 2g of corn silage per each incubation jar. Three treatments including Control(no supplementation of Cr), T1(1000ppb supplementation of $ClCl_3$) and T2(chromium methionine chelate supplementation equivalent to 1000ppb of Cr content) were prepared with five replications per each treatment. pH of T2 was lower than that of Control and T1 regardless of incubation time. Ammonia content was higher in T2 than in Control and T1 during first 6 hours of incubation. However, the ammonia content in Control was remained low after 6 hours. Total volatile fatty acids(VFA) content in control was increased constantly as incubation time was extended. Therefore, VFA content in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Control. Dry matter recovery rate by ruminal microorganism was the lowest in T1, however ruminal microbial population was increased most efficiently in T2 during 12 hours of in vitro incubation. Cr concentrations in the body of ruminal microbes were not different(P>0.05) between Control and T2, but it was significantly high in T1(P<0.05). Contents of methionine and cystine in ruminal microbes also were not different between Control and T2(P>0.05), but it was relatively low in T1. Based on the above results, the chromium methionine chelate was believed to by-pass rumen and could remain intact until it reaches small intestine compared to inorganic chromium. This results implies that chromium methionine chelate could be more effective to function in the small intestine of ruminant animals.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.334-341
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• 1984

Yield response of 30 rice varieties widely grown during the past 70 years in Korea was examined at the six transplanting dates from May 10 to June 29 at the 10 day intervals in 1982. Early japonica varieties grown before 1960s showed the highest yield at the June 9 and 19 transplantings and yields decreased with earlier or later transplantings except the earliest transplanting of May 10. However, yield of recent japonica varieties grown after 1960s was similar among the transplanting dates from May 10 to June 19, but yield was lower at the June 29 transplanting. In the indica/japonica varieties grown after mid- 1970s, yield was highest at the May 10, 20, and 30 transplantings and it decreased with further delay of transplantings largely due to the decreased panicle number, percent ripened grains, and 1,000 grain weight. This may indicate that recently developed varieties may be more adaptable toearly transplanting than older varieties. The number of panicles per hill was variable among the transplanting dates in all varieties, but it decreased as transplanting dates delayed after June 9. In japonica varieties the number of spikelets per panicle, percent ripened grains, and 1,000 grain weight increased as transplanting was delayed. However, in indica/japonica varieties the number of spikelets per panicle was similar among the transplanting dates and percent ripened grains and 1,000 grain weight decreased as transplanting date was delayed after June 9. The percent ripened grains of japonica varieties decreased with increase in the number of spikelets per hill but increased as heading date delayed. However, in indica/japonica varieties the percent ripened grains was not affected by both the number of spikelets per hill and heading date except that of June 29 transplanting of which percent ripened grains was extremely low because of delayed heading although the number of spikelets per hill was low. Grain/Straw ratio was not affected by heading date in japonica varieties, but it decreased significantly as heading date was delayed in indica/japonica varieties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2011

To use barley as a green manure crop, this study has been conducted in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do to establish the barley green manure (BGM)-rice cropping system with emphasis on soil incorporation date and BGM density. The nitrogen (N) contents of rye and barley, grass green manure crops, were 1.4~2.4% at early growth stage and decreased rapidly to 0.6~1.0% at late growth stage. The biomass of barley was 449 kg/l0a at heading stage (HS) and increased to 421 kg/10a at 10 days after heading stage (DAH), 473 kg/10a at 20 DAH. C/N ratio of BGM was the lowest 26.3 at HS. The N contents of BGM was in the range of 0.9~1.5%, the highest at HS and gradually decreased, and the output of N were 4.3-6.3 kg/10a. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of BGM showed the highest level at 10 DAH. Culm length of rice was relatively longer as the BGM application time was delayed. The application of BGM into soil increased plant height of rice by 7.2~7.7 em as compared to the plants treated with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate. but panicle length of rice showed a similar tendency in both the soil-applied of BGM and commercial fertilizer. N contents of unhulled rice was the highest at HS of BGM and followed by 10 DAH of BGM and 20 DAH of BGM. This trend could also be seen in rice straw. The yield of rice in the soil-applied of BGM was 10~15% lower than in the soil-applied of commercial fertilizer. Based on this study, application of BGM made it possible to save 30~50% of application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for following crops.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.315-321
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• 2017

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of extruded linseed supplementation on methane production in Holstein steers. Four Holstein steers fitted with permanent cannulas were assigned to two dietary treatments in a duplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design: a control diet consisting of tall fescue straw (65%) and concentrate (35%), and a treatment diet supplemented with 3.8% extruded linseed by replacing a part of ingredients in the concentrate of the control diet. The concentrates of the control and the treatment diet were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Extruded linseed supplementation did not affect dry matter intake but significantly (P<0.05) increased the intake of lipid. Rumen pH was significantly (P<0.05) lower for control than for treatment. Although there was no significant difference between treatments, the concentration of total VFA in control was 21% higher than in treatment. The concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were not different between treatments. Extruded linseed supplementation significantly (P<0.05) reduced methane output(g/d) and emission factor. Methane conversion rate was lower for treatment than for control but no significant difference was found. The results of the present study showed that extruded linseed supplementation in the diet of Holstein steers could reduce methane output.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.989-998
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• 2004

The objectives of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding type of concentrates during growing period and slaughter age on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing-fattening Holstein steers. Treatments were two concentrates feeding types(ad libitum or restricted 1.9% of BW) and three slaughter ages(at 19, 22 or 25 mo). Body weight at slaughter was numerically higher(approx. 8.3%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. TDN intake rate was higher(8.4%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. One mo slaughter delay increased TDN intake by 4%. Despite the lack of significances, higher back fat thickness and rib-eye area appeared in the restricted feeding or the late slaughter groups compared with the ad libitum feeding or the early slaughter groups. Marbling score(mean 2.46) numerically increased when the steers were restrictively fed concentrates compared with the ad libitum feeding groups. In addition, significant increases in the marbling score were associated with the slaughter age delay. In economic analysis, increases in total income were associated with the restricted feeding and the slaughter age delay. Whereas the highest monthly income appeared in the restricted feeding-and-slaughter at 22 mo group. In conclusion, the optimal feeding system may be 1) the restricted concentrates feeding(1.9% of BW) during growing period and 2) the late slaughter age(22${\sim}$25 mo of age) in growing-fattening Holstein steers fed rice straw.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saponin contained plant extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Ruminal fluid was collected from rumen cannulated Hanwoo steers fed rice straw and concentrate (5:5). Collected rumen fluids, corn starch and buffer including saponin contained plant extracts (ginseng, Ogapi, soapwort, tea plant and yucca; 0.5%/15 ml) were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. All incubations were repeated five times. Rumen pH in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) compared with that of the control (no addition) during incubation time. The concentration of total VFA in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control after 12h incubation. Compared with the control, the concentration of acetate and propionate in all treatments was lower and higher after 6h incubation, respectively. The concentration of $NH_3$-N in all treatments was lower (p<0.05) than that of the control except for Ogapi or yucca extracts supplementation. The number of protozoa in all treatments was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control except for soapwort extract supplementation. The total gas production and methane production in all treatments was higher (p<0.05) and lower (p<0.05) compared with the control, except for ogapi or soapwort extracts supplementation after 12h incubation, respectively. Therefore, reduction in methane production by saponins may could be results from decreased protozoal population without any negative in vitro fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2008

Effects of dietary concentrate levels based on whole-crop barley silage (BS) on development and meat quality in growing Korean black goats were examined. A total of 36 male goats with similar age and BW were equally allocated to dietary four treatments in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments included controls(rice straw ad libitum plus 2.0% concentrate BW－1), and BS ad libitum plus three increasing levels of concentrate BW－1(2.0, 1.5 and 1.0%, respectively), expressed as BS 2.0, BS 1.5 and BS 1.0, respectively. The trial was lasted for 5 months from 14th of May to 12th of October, 2007. At the end of trial, all animals were slaughtered to analyze carcass characteristics and meat quality. Average daily gain was significantly(p<0.05) higher for BS 1.5 and BS 2.0 treatments than for controls. Daily feed intakes for controls(689.3 g) were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of BS 1.0(585.5 g), but they were significantly(p<0.05) lower than BS 2.0(734.3 g). Carcass and meat percentages were significantly (p<0.05) higher for BS 2.0 and BS 1.5 than for control and BS 1.0 treatments. Shear force and water-holding capacity was greater(p<0.05) for BS 2.0 and BS 1.5 than other treatments. On the basis of feeding whole-crop barley silage to Korean black goats, as dietary concentrate inclusion levels increased, sensory results showed to have a better tendency. In conclusion, it was estimated that the optimal level of dietary concentrates might be 1.5% BW－1, when diets based whole-crop barley silage were fed to growing Korean black goats for their improvements of growth and meat quality.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.276-284
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• 1972

A strain of Bacillus sp. which has powerful enzymatic activity and sets free a little amount of ammonia nitrogen and large amount of amino nitrogen was separated from Meju, Denzang, Chungkukjang, and paddy straw to make the soy-sauce rapidly and conveniently in the various mixing ratio of steamed soy-bean and wheat parched or steamed. Total nitrogen and amino nitrogen were increased during the maturing. The acidity of soy-sauce was increased to $1.15{\sim}1.98%$ than ordinary soy-sauce. pH were ranged in $4.6{\sim}6.0%$. The fermenting time takes 30 days while it takes at least 4 monthes in ordinary method. The best results were obtained with the mixed ratio of 1 : 1 or 1 : 2 (wheat : soy-bean).

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.834-841
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the properties of traditional Korean ash glazes by using locally available sources; 10 kinds of grain stems,2 kinds of husks (pod, chaff), and 4 kinds of vegetables (spinach, radish leaf and stem, pumpkin leaf and stem, pepper stem), and to develop their practical uses as ash glazes. The test results of these ash glazes indicate that these ashes can be classified into four categories. The first group, which includes perilla stem ash, sesame stem ash, black bean stem ash and red-bean stem ash, shows strong milky white due to relatively lower content of $SiO_2$, and relatively higher content of CaO and P$_2$O$\_$5/ content (10% higher than others), and their glazes were found to be suitable for opaque glaze as they show relatively stable bright greenish color. The second group includes pepper stem ash, spinach ash, pod ash, radish leaf and stem ash, and bean stem ash, and this group was found to contain even quantity of every component. And their glaze show somewhat greenish color because of especially high content of MgO and more than 2% of Fe$_2$ $O_3$. They were found to be suitable for basic glaze of IRABO glaze. The third group, which includes com stalk ash, white bean ash, pumpkin leaf and stem ash, has more $SiO_2$ and Al$_2$ $O_3$ than other ashes, and it also contains 3～5% of Fe$_2$ $O_3$. As a result of those components, this third group shows the greatest change of color and chroma, and was found to be suitable glazes as basic glaze of Temmoku and black glazes. The fourth group (reed ash, rice straw ash, indian millet stalk ash and chaff ash) has as much as 45～82% of $SiO_2$ and relatively lower content of Fe$_2$ $O_3$ and P$_2$ $O_3$. This group shows blue or greenish white color, and was found to be suitable as the basic glaze of white glaze.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.65-76
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• 1980

In order to determine the effects of cytokinin and auxin on organ formation from tissue of garlic cloves, leaf blades and basal tissues contained meristem of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cloves harvested in 1979 (old cloves) and 1980 (new cloves) were explanted on a MS medium contained various levels of BA ($N^6$-benzyl amino purine), NAA (naphthalene acetic acid), and 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). And some of the new cloves were explanted on a media contained BA and NAA after chilling treatment at $4^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. 1. In a culture of leaf blades of old cloves, shoots were differentiated on a medium supplemented with 2mg/l of BA and NAA. 2. Callus was grown as a quite straw-coloured globular mass on a medium contained 0.2 or 2mg/l 2.4-D. 3. As subcultures of globular calli, shoots and roots were differentiated on a medium contained 2mg/l BA and 0.5 or 1 mg/l NAA, whereas no shoots was shown on a conterol. 4. Shoots were differentiated in a culture of leaf blades of new cloves, but they were not in an old cloves in control, and better effect was shown on a medium contained 2mg/l BA and 1mg/l NAA. However shoots were no differentiated from leaf blades chilled at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 or 40 days at the same condition. 5. Large numbers of adventitious shoots could be obtained from basal region of garlic cultured on a medium contained 1mg/l BA and 4mg/l NAA, or 2mg/l BA and 2mg/l NAA.