• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2023

This study investigated acoustic (VOT) and articulatory characteristics of Korean velar stops in monosyllabic CV structures to examine how the three-way distinction is realized in the laryngeal and supralaryngeal domains and how the distinction is manifested in male versus female speakers' speech production. EMA data were collected from 22 speakers. In line with previous studies, male speakers preserved the three-way differentiation of velar stops (/k^*/</k/</k^h/) in terms of VOT while female speakers showed only a two-way distinction (/k^*/</k/=/k^h/). As for the kinematic characteristics, a clear three-way distinction was found only in male speakers' peak velocity measure in the C-to-V opening movement (/k^h/</k/</k^*/). For the other kinematic measures (i.e., articulatory closure duration, deceleration duration of the opening movement and the entire opening movement duration), male speakers showed only a two-way distinction between fortis and the other two stops. Female speakers did not show a three-way contrast in any kinematic measure. They showed a two-way distinction between lenis and the other two stops in C-to-V deceleration duration (/k^*/=/k^h/</k/), and a two-way distinction between fortis and lenis stops in the opening movement duration. An overall comparison of VOT and articulatory analyses revealed that the lenis-aspirated kinematic distinction is diminishing, driven by female speakers, in line with the loss of the lenis-aspirated distinction in VOT that could influence supralaryngeal articulation.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제105권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2016

천연활엽수림의 천연갱신 가능성을 파악하고자, 당단풍나무의 개화 결실, 종자낙하, 종자활력을 강원도 평창군 중왕산 지역에서 2009년부터 2015년까지 조사하였다. 당단풍나무 꽃은 산방화서에 양성화와 웅성화가 달렸으며, 화서 내에서 성형태간 개화시기가 달랐다. 양성화가 먼저 개화하는 개체에서는 암술이 수분되어 자라기 시작한 꽃에서는 수술은 더 이상 성숙하지 않고 소실되었으며, 웅성화가 먼저 개화하는 수술이 발달한 꽃에는 암술은 흔적으로만 존재하였다. 다른 개체에서의 화분이 꿀벌, 애꽃벌류 및 꽃등에류에 의하여 수분이 이루어지는 이형자웅이숙(heterodichogamy)의 성 형태로 자가수분을 회피하는 기작을 가지고 있었다. 종자 낙하량은 310~234,840 ea/ha의 범위로 평균은 70,780 ea/ha이었다. 종자생산에 있어 연년변동이 심하며, 최대치가 최소치의 760배 가량이었다. 당단풍나무의 연년종자생산은 정규분포하는 것이라 사료된다. 성숙한 종자 중에서 피해 또는 부후종자가 59.3%로 가장 많았고, 건전종자가 23.9%, 미발육 종자 9.2%, 쭉정이종자 7.6% 등으로 나타났다. 건전종자 생산량을 좌우하는 요인은 개화기인 5월 중,하순에 화분매개충의 활동과 어린 자방이 자라는 시기에 흡즙성 해충의 밀도와 활동성이 가장 중요한 요인이라 사료된다. 당단풍나무의 천연갱신은 종자풍년 이듬해에 발아와 생장에 유리한 조건을 갖춘 갭에서 이루어질 것으로 사료된다. 낙엽활엽수의 천연갱신을 이해하기 위해서 개화결실 특성과 비산 전후 종자 피식 문제에 대한 장기간의 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료된다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.91-122
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• 2006

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the Jangwon-Dan,(JWD) on Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of the JWN extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA, the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Result : 1. The JWN extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cells treated with LPS. 2. The JWN extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The JWN extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. For the JWN extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The JWN extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and CD68/GFAP, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The JWN extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusion : These results suggest that the JWN extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the JWN extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-57
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• 2006

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the CMT and MCMT on Alzheimer‘s disease. Methods : The effects of the CMT and MCMT extract on (1) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (2) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, GFAP, CD68 abd CD11b; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 2. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. For the CMT and MCMT extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, GFAP, CD68 abd CD11bCD68/GFAP, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 5. The CMT and MCMT extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ 6. The MCMT showed more excellent effects than CMT in the every experiments except PC-12 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that the CMT and MCMT extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CMT and MCMT extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.119-139
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• 2004

This research investigates the effect of the Hibiscus syriacus(HSS) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the HSS extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (3) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (4) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and reactive oxygen species(ROS); (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The results were summarized below ; 1. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-l cells treated with LPS. 2. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The HSS extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. For the HSS extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The HSS extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, CD68/GFAP, ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The HSS extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the HSS extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the HSS extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제28권2호통권70호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2007

Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on the Alzheimer's disease model induced by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein (${\beta}A$). Method : We measured the effects of the GYZB hot water extract on expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 mRNA and production of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the BV2 microglial cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effects of the GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior, (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$, (3) glucose in serum, (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in mice induced with Alzheimer's diseased by ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : The GYZB hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA and significantly suppressed the production of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder showed a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movement-through latency. The GYZB ultra-fine powder significantly suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, and the GYZB hot water extract significantly suppressed the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the infarction area of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusions : These results suggest that GYZB hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of GYZB for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

돼지생식기호흡기증후군(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome; PRRS) 바이러스의 ORF5a 단백질이 바이러스 생장에 필수적인 단백질인지 확인하기 위해서 PRRS 바이러스 감염성 클론을 이용하여 ORF5a 단백질 유전자를 결손시킨 변이 클론을 제작하였다. 야생형 PRRS 바이러스 감염성 클론과 ORF5a 단백질이 결손된 변이 클론을 BHK-tailless pCD163 세포에 transfection시킨 결과 변이클론에서감염성있는바이러스가숙주세포로부터만들어지지않았다. 이결과가 ORF5a 단백질발현의부재때문인지검증하기위해서 BHK-tailless pCD163-tailless 세포에 ORF5a 단백질을안정적으로발현하는세포주를제작하였고이세포주에동일한 transfection 실험을한결과세포에서공급되는 ORF5a 단백질발현에의해감염성있는바이러스가만들어지는것을확인하였다. 이로써 ORF5a 단백질이 PRRS 바이러스가 생장하는데 있어서 필수적인 단백질임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.101-132
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• 2007

Objective : This research investigates the effect of the NogYongDaeBoTang,(NYDBT) on Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of the NYDBT extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) acetylcholinesterase(AChE), amyloid precursor proteins(APP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (3) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA; (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer‘s diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Results : 1. The NYDBT extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 2. The NYDBT extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein production in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. 3. For the NYDBT extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 4. The NYDBT extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, and CD68/CD11b, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. 5. The NYDBT extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. 6. The NYDBT extract reduced the Tau protein, GFAP protein, and presenilin1/2 protein (immunohistochemistry) of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $A{\beta}$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the NYDBT extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• 플랜트 저널
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2014

1887년 경복궁 건천궁에서 최초로 전기점등 행사를 시행한 이후 2012년 11월 기준의 대한민국 발전설비 용량은 81,737 MW, 그리고 2012년도 최대전력 수요는 71,230 MW로 이전기록을 경신한 바 있다. 이렇게 급속하게 증가하는 전력수요를 충족하기 위하여 정부에서는 대용량 유연탄 화력과 원자력발전소를 건설하여 운영 중에 있으나 전력수요는 주중에 집중되고 주말에는 급감하여 주말의 예비률이 40% 이상을 상회하고 있어 양수발전기를 이용하여 주말수요를 창출하는 한편 감소된 주말의 전력수요에 맞추어 서울화력발전소을 포함한 고원가 발전소에 대한 주말정지를 시행하고 있다. 서울화력발전소는 전력수요지의 중심지인 수도 서울에 위치하였음에도 발전원가가 높아 2008년도 이후 매년 30회 이상의 주말정지를 시행함으로 기동정지 과정에서 많은 비용을 지출하고 있어 본 연구에서는 1969년 준공하여 열병합설비로 개조한 서울화력발전소 제5호기를 대상으로 온간기동 과정에서 보일러 강제순환펌프 입구 관수온도 상승률을 증가시켜 온도상승 공정에 소요되는 시간을 약 35% 단축하고 기동시간 종합관리 프로그램을 구성하여 운영함으로써 전체적으로 온간기동 시간을 23% 단축할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.921-933
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• 2007

This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}A$. The effects of the KBCMT hot water extract on expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NOS-II, COX-2 mRNA and production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, CD68 and CD11b; (3) AChE in serum (4) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The KBCMT hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The KBCMT hot water extract suppressed the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movemet-through latency The KBCMT ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-a protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the MDA and suppressed the over-expression of CD68, CD11b in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder decreased AChE significantly in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced the tau protein, GFAP, and presenilin1, 2 of hippocampus in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the KBCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.