• Title/Summary/Keyword: Stone Conservation

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Scientific Investigation and Conservation Treatment of the Three-story Stone Pagoda at Jangha-ri, Buyeo (부여 장하리 삼층석탑의 과학적 조사 및 보존처리)

  • Kim, Joohyung;Han, Minsu
    • Conservation Science in Museum
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    • v.27
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    • pp.103-124
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    • 2022
  • This study examined the properties of the materials used in the three-story pagoda at Jangha-ri, Buyeo. It was performed in order to identify the objective condition of the pagoda and establish an appropriate plan for the conservation treatment of the pagoda. According to the study, the average total magnetic susceptibility was 3.71 (10-3 SI unit), and at least four types of granite with different origins were likely used in the production of the pagoda. The ultrasonic velocity averaged 1,519m/s, and the coefficient of weathering showed an average of grade 4. The thermal gradient between the cement (restoration materials) and original materials was identified through thermal imaging. In some areas, the cement restoration materials required replacement with new stone materials with properties similar to those of the original stone materials. Taking into account these results, a map of weathering damage was prepared and appropriate conservation treatment plans were established based on the findings of previous studies. Since the pagoda had suffered severe biological damage and discoloration, surface contaminants were removed through wet cleaning with distilled water and a brush. The exfoliated areas were reinforced on the site by mixing epoxy resin with powdered stone with the same properties as the original stone materials of the pagoda.

Salt Weathering Characteristics and Mechanism Interpretation of the Five-Storied Stone Pagoda in Tapri-ri, Uiseong (의성 탑리리 오층석탑의 염풍화 특성과 메커니즘 해석)

  • Lee, Mi Hey;Lee, Myeong Seong;Lee, Jae Man;Chun, Yu Gun
    • 보존과학연구
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    • s.33
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2012
  • The Uiseong Tapriri Five-Storied stone pagoda has occurred exfoliation, granular disintegration and discoloration by physical and chemical weathering factors with the major deterioration occurring due to efflorescence by salt. According to the results of SEM-EDS and X-ray diffraction analysis, salts consists of gypsum, taranakite. Artificial salt weathering tests were carried out using the same type of rocks as those in the stone pagoda. The test results showed that efflorescence occurred on the surface of the rock, and that exfoliation and granular disintegration occurred inside the rock due to salt crystallization.

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An Experimental Application of Consolidants Using Artificially Weathered Stones (인공풍화암을 이용한 강화제의 적용실험 연구)

  • Lee, Jae Man;Lee, Myeong Seong;Kim, Jae Hwan;Lee, Mi Hye;Park, Sung Mi
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.285-296
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    • 2012
  • This study was to assess the effect of consolidation for intension measures of stone cultural heritage using artificially weathered stones. We have prepared four kinds of stones (Gyeongju Namsan Granite, Iksan Granite, Yeongyang Sandstone, Jeongseon Marble), and manufactured fresh, weathered and highly weathered stone samples by thermal shock for each rock type. The samples were treated with three consolidants (Wacker OH 100, Remmers KSE 300, 1T1G) by three methods {immersion, capillary rise (partial immersion), spray}, and tested for weight, porosity, ultrasonic velocity, Equotip hardness and color before and after treatment. As a result, the effect of consolidation was widely influenced by porosity and treatment methods. Wacker OH 100 was shown the highest consolidation effect in almost every stone sample.

Utilization of Hyperspectral Image Analysis for Monitoring of Stone Cultural Heritages (석조문화재 모니터링을 위한 하이퍼스펙트럴 이미지분석의 활용)

  • Chun, Yu Gun;Lee, Myeong Seong;Kim, Yu Ri;Lee, Mi Hye;Choi, Myoung Ju;Choi, Ki Hyun
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.395-402
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    • 2015
  • This study was considered utilization of hyperspectral image analysis for monitoring. Accordingly we applied to stone cultural properties to data correction methods, image classification techniques, NDVI computation techniques using hyperspectral image. As the results, hyperspectral image analysis was possible making detailed deterioration map, accurate calculation of deterioration rate, mapping of normalized difference vegetation index on the basis of reflectance of each materials. Therefore, hyperspectral image analysis will be used for effective monitoring techniques of stone cultural heritages.

Material and Deterioration Characteristic Analysis for Stone Sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace, Seoul (경복궁 석조조형물의 재질 및 손상특성 분석)

  • Kim, Jiyoung;Jo, Young Hoon;Lee, Chan Hee
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.29 no.4
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    • pp.407-420
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    • 2013
  • The stone sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace are mainly composed of granite (884 sculptures, 96.7%) and marble (25 sculptures, 2.7%) that originated in several different quarries. Main deterioration forms are crack (24%), break-out (21%), exfoliation (36%), granular disintegration (9%) and blackening (20%). Crack and break-out are dominant contributors to high physical deterioration degree, and blackening is major weathering form of intensive discoloration. The Gyeonghoeru, Geunjeongjeon and Pumgyeseok areas require urgent and high conservation maintenance with short-term periodic monitoring since proportions of 3-grade deterioration were calculated higher than others as 55% for Gyeonghoeru, 29% for Geunjeongjeon, 11% for Pumgyeseok area. The Pumgyeseok (officials' rank stone), especially, needs intervention for protective facility due to its material vulnerability to weathering in outdoor environment.

Evaluation of Nondestructive Diagnosis and Material Characteristics of Stone Lantern at Damyang Gaeseonsaji Temple Site in Korea

  • Lee, Chan Hee;Araki, Naruto
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.279-293
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    • 2019
  • The stone lantern of the Damyang Gaeseonsaji temple site is a cultural heritage built during the Unified Silla period (AD 868). The reason for its value as a cultural property is due to wittern the background and the period created on inscription of the lamp stone engraved by letters. The stone lantern consists of two types of lithic tuffs for the 23 original properties, the replaced stones in 1991, and the biotite granite for its ground stones replaced in 2005. The lithic tuffs selected as the replacement parts in 1991 and 2017 have been examined and got to properties of hardly exposure moisture as well as very similar geochemical characteristics. There were various types of physical deterioration of the stone properties and structural cracks; in particular, on the northern side of the stylobates. Chemical and biological deterioration can be identified as black, white, and brown discolorations as well as by the presence of lichens, bryophytes, and herbaceous plants. In the evaluation of the physical properties of the stone lantern, the mean and maximum ultrasonic velocities were found to be similar in each direction. However, the lowest velocity on the east and south sides were found to be lower than those of other stone properties. It was found that physical damage to the stylobates resulted from water expansion in a freeze-to-thaw phenomena related to water content. Therefore, dismantling repair was carried out in the protection facility to restrict further water supply to the stone as much as possible.

Establishment of Ultrasonic Measurement and Correlations of Direct-Indirect Method for Weathering Evaluation of Stone Cultural Heritage (석조문화재 풍화도 평가를 위한 초음파 측정의 설정과 직접-간접전달방법의 상관관계)

  • Lee, Chan-Hee;Jo, Young-Hoon;Chun, Yu-Gun
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.233-244
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    • 2009
  • This study was focused on the transducer and suitable contact material for stone cultural heritage, and the correlation of direct-indirect method in rock types for scientific development and quantitative evaluation technique of the ultrasonic measurements. As a result, it was identified the transducer (UTREXTX(RX)54kHz) and contact material (rubber clay) of the type 3 were appropriate for the ultrasonic measurements of stone cultural heritage. The direct-indirect correction factors of type 3 were calculated 1.50 for granite, 1.38 for gabbro, 1.58 for quartz diorite, respectively. This result is the first study for improvement in reliability for the ultrasonic measurements, and it will contribute to establishment of the ultrasonic survey method for stone cultural heritage. Also, complementary studies considering the surface irregularity of rocks and various contact materials will carry out, and the database about correlation of direct-indirect in rock types will establish.

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Deterioration Assessment and Structural‐Reinforcement of Stone Lantern of the Four Guardian Kings in Beopjusa Temple, Boeun (보은 법주사 사천왕석등의 비파괴 훼손도 평가 및 구조보강)

  • Choie, Myoungju;Lee, Myeong Seong;Jun, Yu Gun;Lee, Mi Hye;Kim, Yuri;Ha, Jun Kyeong
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.25-33
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    • 2017
  • The stone lantern of the four guardian kings in the Beopjusa temple at Boeun was mainly made of biotite granodiorite consisting of porphyritic-textured potassium feldspar and included in ilmenite series. A base stone made of alkali granite was buried, after founded its place during an earlier restoration process. Cracking and break out are noticeable on this object. In addition, discoloration, salt crusting, and epiphytes were observed. The lantern was vulnerable in terms of physical and structural stability caused by cracking in the front and back of the light chamber and in the non-horizontal direction. According to the conservational condition of the stone lantern, structural reinforcement was carried out based on calculations, including those on the position, size, and anchor length of the titanium stiffener. Chemical and biological pollutants were washed off without damage to the surface of the stone material. Oxygenated iron pieces were replaced with titanium. Ethyl silicate was applied to the surface of the lantern for consolidation and smooth drainage.

Characteristics of Surface Deterioration and Materials for Stone Guardian and Stone Memorial Tablets from Muryeong Royal Tomb of Baekje Kingdom in Ancient Korea (백제 무령왕릉 석수와 지석의 재질 및 표면손상 특성)

  • Park, Jun Hyoung;Lee, Chan Hee;Choi, Gi Eun
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.33 no.4
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    • pp.241-254
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    • 2017
  • The Stone Guardian and Memorial Tablets from the Muryeong Royal Tomb are composed of the same kind of plutonic igneous rocks, the so-called hornblendite. Color of the rocks show greenish gray, and both of them occurred with medium-grained granular texture. The rock-forming minerals composed mainly of amphibole and plagioclase. Magnetic susceptibility of the Stone Guardian is 0.15 to 0.63 (mean $0.42{\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$), the King's Stone Memorial Tablet is 0.11 to 0.38 (mean $0.24{\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$) and the Queen's Stone Memorial Tablet ranges from 0.10 to 0.33 (mean $0.18{\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$). The rocks of the artifacts are hard to find in the Gongju area. Large scaled out crop of hornblendite is not distributed, but found in many places that the form of dike. The lithology and occurrences indicate that the artifacts are made of plutonic rock rather than dike. Reddish brown and pale brown contaminants, are also distributed on the surface of the Stone Guardian and Memorial Tablets. The reddish brown color is due to Fe oxide, and the pale brown color occurs due to the elution of Ca. The reddish brown contaminants are influenced by the internal components of the rock and oxidation of burial iron accessories. In contrast, the pale brown contaminants are considered to have flown from the carbonate materials used in the Royal Tomb, with a little added Fe oxide. Physical and chemical deterioration operate intricately in the Stone Guardian and Memorial Tablets. Physical deterioration is extremely rare and chemical deterioration is stable except for a part of the Stone Guardian and the front of the Queen Stone Memorial Tablet.

Development of Alkoxysilane Mixed Solution as Stone Preservation and Consolidation Materials (알콕시 실란계 석재 보존 및 강화제 개발)

  • Kim, Eun-Kyung;Park, Seong-Yong;Cho, Hyun-Dong;Won, Jong-Ok;Do, Jin-Young;Kim, Sa-Dug
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.21
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    • pp.21-32
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    • 2007
  • Low-viscosity alkoxysilanes that polymerize into the porous network of decayed stone by a sol-gel process are widely used as stone consolidants. During drying, the gel network contracts due to capillary pressure generated by solvent evaporation. We have prepared tetraethoxysilane mixed solution containing methyltrisilane, ethyl trisilane and (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane having epoxy ring in order to reduce the shrinkage happened inside the stone porous structure during the gel formation. Mixed solutions were applied into sandstone and granites and characterized by FT-IR, SEM. The gelation time, water uptake, contact angles were measured and compared with those of the commercial stone conservation materials.

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