• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.429-433
• /
• 2009

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as burning pain in the tongue or other oral mucous membrane associated with normal sign and laboratory findings at least 4 to 6 months. There are many factors that affect this condition and the pain characters are various among the sufferers, so it is difficult to diagnose exactly and treat properly. The cause of BMS is currently unknown. The etiology is presumed to be that it is related with local, systemic and psychogenic factor. The BMS is related with local factor such as allergic reaction, oral fungal infection(candidiasis), parafunctional oral habits and systemic factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nutritional deficiencies(vitamin $B_{12}$, folic acid), hyposalivation and psychogenic factor such as depression, anxiety, cancerphobia. So clinicians must be aware of these factors and can give proper treatment options to patients. The management of BMS are pharmacologic management, cognitive behavioral therapy and psychotherapy treatment. Clonazepam, gabapentin, amitriptyline, alpha-lipoic acid and capsaicin are used to manage the BMS. Among these, topical clonazepam is reported that the effect is higher than systemic medication and the complications are rare. This case report is about some cases of the effect of topical clonazepam on BMS.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.161-166
• /
• 1985

Endobronchial tuberculosis is frequently associated with lymphadenopathy, bronchial stenosis, atelectasis which needs to be differentiated with other pulmonary disease. Authors are presenting 25 cases of endobronchial tuberculosis which were confirmed by bronchoscopic biopsy and AFB smear and/or culture. The study was done on patients who visited Yeungnam University Hospital from May 1983 to July 1985. The following results were obtained: 1. Of the 25 cases, 8 cases were male and 17 cases were female (male : female= 1 : 2). 32 percent of the cases was older than 60 years of age. 2. Abnormal findings on chest x-ray were seen on 22 cases of 25 cases (88%) and its most predilective site was right upper lobe.(24%). 3. Symptoms were coughing (56%), hemoptysis, hoarseness, chest pain, dyspnea and fever in orders. 4. The positive results were obtained in 73 percent of sputum AFB sme ar (11 cases of 15 cases), 60 percent of AFB culture (3 cases of 5 cases) and 58 percent of bronchoscopic biopsy (14 cases of 24 cases). 5. Complete pulmonary function test was done on 19 cases and showed normal result in 6 cases, restrictive pattern in 8 cases and small airway dysfunction in 5 cases. No case of obstructive airway disease was detected. 6. Associated disease were hypertension (2 cases), tuberculous meningitis (1 case), diabetes mellitus (1 case), and cataract (1 case). 7. The site of bronchoscopic lesion on bronchoscopic examination were as follows; 8. All 25 patients were treated with anti-tuberculosis theyapy and 6 patients were treated with additional steroid therapy because of severe respiratory symptom and showed dramatic improvement of symptom as well as lung function.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 1988

The pattern of progesterone production and secretion of frog(R. dybowskii) follicles was investigated in follicle culture in vitro. Involvement of cAMP in the regulation of the steroid production by the follicles was also investigated by manipulating endogeneous cAMP level with forskolin and/or 3-isoburyl- 1 - methylxanthine(IBMX). Endogeneous follicular progesterone level increased rapidly in one hour of culture by treatment of frog pituitary homogenate(FPH) and reached peak level at 2 hours or later. But the absolute amount of progesterone produced (60-300 pg/follicle) or the peak time of the honnone level was different between individual animals. Basal level of progesterone in untreated sister follicles was very low (around 10 pg/follicle) and nearly undetectable in most cases regardless of culture lime. Secretion level of progesterone by the follicles obtained by measunng the honnone in the culture media was just the reflection of the intrafollicular level. Exogeneously added forskolin, an adenylate cyclase stimulator, and/or IBMX, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could mimic FPH action in terms of progesterone production and secretion. Thus, it seems clear that FPH regulates progesterone production via cAMP system in the follicle cells.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2005

A trigger point injection (TPI) has been reported to have an immediate analgesic effect, and to be one of the most widely employed treatment methods of myofascial pain. There are normal saline, local anesthetics, and steroids as the solutions frequently used in TPI. They can be used separately or in combination. Local anaesthetics have myotoxicity in proportion to its concentration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate microstructural changes in point of the myotoxic effects of the combined solution of lidocaine and dexamethasone (a local anesthetic and a steroid) after being injected into the muscle of BALB/c mice. And this study tested solutions with various concentration separately and in combination, to find out proper concentration of solution without muscular tissue damage. This study shows that lidocaine and dexamethasone combination is not histologically myotoxic in case of the concentration of lidocaine less than 1.5%. Also it is suggested from this study that this combined solution will have an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect. Hereafter continuous study should be performed to reveal that these results can be applied to human when lidocaine and dexamethasone combination is used as an injection modality of TrP treatment.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.155-159
• /
• 2012

Background Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cell-mediated immune responses, but the exact cause is unknown. Sulfasalazine has shown efficacy in the treatment of cutaneous lichen planus. Objective Our purpose was to assess the usefulness of sulfasalazine in treatment of OLP resistant to corticosteroid therapy. This study provides a new option for controlling OLP symptoms. Methods Two patients with the symptomatic reticular form of OLP were treated with 30 mg/5 ml of topical sulfasalazine for 8 to 15 weeks and were evaluated for symptom severity using a numerical analog scale during each week of treatment. The lesion size was measured using a 2 $mm^2$ grid. Results After 2 weeks of application, both patients reported improvements in their symptoms and lesions. Most of the lesions disappeared after 8 weeks of treatment without any side effects. Conclusion Topical sulfasalazine can be a successful treatment option for patients with oral lichen planus resistant to steroid therapy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.40 no.6
• /
• pp.730-735
• /
• 1993

BOOP is a clinopathologic entity consisting of a flu-like illness, late inspiratory crackles, and pathologically granulation tissue plugs within lumens of small airways sometimes with complete obstruction of small airways and granulation tissue extending into alveolar ducts and alveoli with a variable degree of interstitial infiltration of mononuclear cells and accumulation of foamy macrophages in alveolar spaces in a patch distribution, and preservation of background architecture of the lung. It has patch infiltrates roentgenographically, and restrictive ventilatory defect pysiologically such as decreased vital capacity. and diffusing capacity. The BOOP has been observed in the context of collagen vascular disease, and other autoimmune disease secondary to treatment with penicillamine, bleomycin, acebutolol and amiodarone, following the inhalation of toxic fumes, after several infections including measles, pertussis and influenza and idiopathic. Clinically, response to coricosteroid therapy is good and relapse dose not occur if sufficient theraphy is good. A flu-like illness occurs in one third, cough in one third, cough with dyspnea in the remaining patients. Hemoptysis are rare. The physical examination reveales dry crackles in the majority of the patients with BOOP but rarely associated with wheezing. The duration of illness is less than 2 months in 75% of patients. With a brief review of literature, we report a case of the BOOP which is good response to steroid, but frequent relapse and assoicated with wheezing.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.536-541
• /
• 1992

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a type of diffuse interstitial lung disease that primarily affects the small conducting airways and characterized by the presence of granulation tissue plugs within the lumen of small airways often extending into alveolar ducts. It is associated with a number of different causes, including a variety of infections, fume exposures, drugs, collagen diseases and idiopathic. Recently we have experienced one patient with idiopathic BOOP. The patient was a 58 year old man presented with 2 months' history of dry cough and exertional dyspnea. The phyical examination showed inspiratory crackles at both lower lung field. Chest X-ray showed bilateral multiple patchy alveolar density. Pulmonary function studies showed a moderate degree of restrictive lung disease. Open lung biopsy carried out and revealed findings characteristic of BOOP. There was a dramatic response clinically and radiologically to high dose predinisolone therapy. Chest X-ray and pulmonary function test under-taken one year later showed marked improvement. New lesion on chest PA was developed during the period of tapering of prednisolone dose, but it was soon disappeared after increasing of prednisolone dose. One year later, he is well without steroid therapy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.61 no.5
• /
• pp.479-483
• /
• 2006

Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a histological pattern consisting of prominent intra-alveolar fibrin and organizing pneumonia, with out hyaline membranes or prominent eosinophilia. The clinical manifestations of AFOP resemble those of acute lung injury such as acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). However, the classic histological patterns of AFOP differ from diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) or acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP). The characteristic intra-alveolar fibrin ball and lack of classic hyaline membrane are the predominant histological features of AFOP. Although some reports suggest that its clinical course is less catastrophic than DAD, the clinical entity that distinguishes AFOP from DAD has not been established. We present a case of pathologically demonstrated AFOP in a 79-year-old man. The radiological findings of our case were similar to those of DAD, presented with diffuse bilateral lung infiltrations. However, despite the rapid development of respiratory failure, the patient had a better response and outcome to steroid therapy than what would be expected for DAD.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.355-359
• /
• 1997

Leiomyomas, which are the commonest pelvic tumors in women, are originated from myometrial cells. Although the exact initial pathophysiologic event of the leiomyoma is not known, recent evidences suggested that the effects of sex steroid hormones in the process of tumor growth are mediated by local production of growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II). If we look at the effects of other cytokines, it was suggested that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) may stimulate the proliferation of myometrial and leiomyomas cells. And it was reported that interferon-${\alpha}$ inhibit the action of bFGF. Therefore, we examined the effect of bFGF and interferon-${\alpha}$ on the proliferation of leiomyoma and myometrial cells. bFGF stimulated the myometrial and leiomyoma cells significantly at the concentration of 1ng/ml (p<0.05) and 5ng/ml (p<0.05). However, Interferon-${\alpha}$ inhibited the cell proliferation of myometrial and leiomyoma cells significantly at the concentration of 100U/ml (p<0.05) and 1000U/ml (p<0.05). And the stimulated effects of bFGF with the various concentration on the myometrial and leiomyoma cells ware inhibited by interferon-${\alpha}$ with 100U/ml. Therefore, we concluded that bFGF may stimulate the myometrial and leiomyoma cell proliferation and interferon-${\alpha}$ may inhibit the myometrial and leiomyoma cell proliferation through blocking the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2017

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 is a class of steroid glycoside and triterpene saponin in Panax ginseng. Many studies suggest that Rg1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1. However, the detail molecular mechanism of Rg1 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 is still not fully understood. Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocyte was used to evaluate the effect of Rg1 on adipocyte development in the differentiation in a stage-dependent manner in vitro. Oil Red O staining and Nile red staining were conducted to measure intracellular lipid accumulation and superoxide production, respectively. We analyzed the protein expression using Western blot in vitro. The zebrafish model was used to investigate whether Rg1 suppresses the early stage of fat accumulation in vivo. Results: Rg1 decreased lipid accumulation in early-stage differentiation of 3T3-L1 compared with intermediate and later stages of adipocyte differentiation. Rg1 dramatically increased CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein-10 (CHOP10) and subsequently reduced the $C/EBP{\beta}$ transcriptional activity that prohibited the initiation of adipogenic marker expression as well as triglyceride synthase. Rg1 decreased the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase $3{\beta}$, which are also essential for stimulating the expression of $CEBP{\beta}$. Rg1 also reduced reactive oxygen species production because of the downregulated protein level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4). While Rg1 increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, it also dramatically decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. Conclusion: We demonstrated that Rg1 suppresses early-stage differentiation via the activation of CHOP10 and attenuates fat accumulation in vivo. These results indicate that Rg1 might have the potential to reduce body fat accumulation in the early stage of obesity.