• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.159-184
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• 1988

Race and ethnicity are important factors which influence the elderIy's residential adjustment behaviors, although it is unclear whether this reflects influences unrelated to race and ethnlcity. Culturally, the norm of family supportoften obseved among various minority ethnic groups is likely to provide flexible family suppof for the elderIy. Economically, the life-long hardship ofminority groups is likely to force them to maintain extended family living arrangements simply to reduce expenses via economies of scale. Thecontroversy about the economic need versus the cultural prescription forextended living arrangements remains unresoIved because it fails to articulatethe meaning of family supports among many disadvantaged groups.This study aims to test previous economic and cultural arguments, byexamining ethnic differences iu the eiderIy's responsiveness to their health andeconomic problems. Two hypotheses about cultural influences on the elderly's resideutiai adjustment are examined. First, do elderly minorities receive famiiysupporis for longer periods when they are poor if economic and health status\ulcorner Second, do elderiy minorities receive family supports more often when their health status declines\ulcorner Using the Longitudinal Suvey on Aging from 1984 to 1990. this study employs Markovian multi-state life tables, and discrete and contonuous competing hazard analyses for the transition in living arrangements. The main results provide substantial evidence against the cultural resource thesis. Elderly minorities experience more frequent transition between living alone and living with relatives than white elderly persons when group differences in the extent of mortality and insititutionalization are controlled. The shorter timf of living alone among elderly monorities stems from their greater likehood of joining relatives as well as greater mortality and attrition rates than elderly whites. Coresidence of elderly whites with their relatives is more likely to occur in response to their needs for health care than of elderly whites. it implies that instability. not flezibility. characterrizes elderly minorities living arrangements.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1130-1136
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the effects of pig slurry on growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Dejima), soil chemistry properties and infiltration water quality in volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil of Jeju. Fertilization of liquid pig manure was based on nitrogen. In volcanic ash soil and non-volcanic ash soil, there was no difference in the height and diameter of stems in chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. Also yields of potatoes were no significantly difference in chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. pH in all soil was increased by application of liquid pig manure compared to the chemical fertilizer plot. Contents of exchangeable K in all soil were accumulated excessively by fertilization of pig manure 100% compared to the chemical fertilizer 100%. But there was no difference between the chemical fertilizer 50%+liquid pig manure 50% and chemical fertilizer 100%. No difference between the chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure was observed in available phosphate, exchangeable Ca and Mg. $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water sample collected at 70cm of soil depth was lower non-fertilizer than chemical fertilizer and liquid pig manure application treatments. In volcanic ash soil, the $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water was decreased from early, except liquid manure 100%. In non volcanic ash soil, the $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water increased until October 8, but then was reduced. In all soils, $NO_3$-N concentration of infiltration water was higher in the liquid manure 100% than those in the chemical fertilizer 100% and chemical fertilizer 50%+liquid pig manure 50%, but there were no differences. In conclusion, the growth of potato, fertilization of soil and $NO_3$-N content of infiltration water were not different between chemical 50%+liquid pig manure 50% and chemical 100% plot. So, liquid pig manure could be substituted for some amount of chemical fertilizer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.678-688
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• 2021

This study was conducted to provide growth characteristics and stand information in preparation for natural regeneration method and silvicultural treatment of seed tree method in Korean red pine stands by using the field inventoried data 18 years after the seed tree regeneration method in 2001 and analyzing the stand and sapling characteristics. The study area was located in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do. In November 2018, we collected tree measurement factors, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown class, stem quality, tree age, and annual height increment on the established plots. We calculated the basal area, volume, height-diameter ratio (HD ratio), and additional stand density variables such as the relative density and %stocking to analyze the managed stands. The number of mother trees was 58 trees/ha, with a 17.7% stocking level, whereas the number of saplings was 2,330 trees/ha, with a 79.0% stocking level. In germination, the age distribution of saplings ranged from 2001 to 2007, with most belonging to 15-16 years. The development condition of saplings was 10 cm in DBH and 8 m in height. DBH and height were higher as the crown class is more dominant, and this difference was statistically significant in the analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison test (p<0.0001). HD ratio ranged mostly between 80% and 90%, and more than 95% of sapling stems were of high quality, with a straight, unbroken top, non-sweep, and non-diseased stem. On average, the annual height increment of saplings was 21.9 cm at 1 year, 43.3 cm at 5 years, 54.3 cm at 10 years, and 64.3 cm at 15 years. The overall height growth with age increased smoothly. According to the analysis of covariance, the annual height growth by crown class differed significantly. The regression analysis parameters revealed that annual height growth increased with age and dominant crown class.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.420-427
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• 2017

'Pungwonmi', a new sweetpotato variety, was developed for table use by Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2014. This variety was derived from the cross between 'Benisatsuma' and 'Luby3074' in 2006. The seedling and line selections were performed from 2007 to 2009, and preliminary and advanced yield trials were carried out from 2010 to 2011. The regional yield trials were conducted at five locations from 2012 to 2014, and it was named as 'Pungwonmi'. This variety has cordate leaf shape, and its leaves, stems, nodes, and petioles are green. Storage root of 'Pungwonmi' has an elliptical shape, red skin, and light orange flesh. 'Pungwonmi' was moderately resistant to fusarium wilt, and resistant to root-knot nematode. Dry matter content was 31.2%, and texture of steamed storage root was intermediate. Total sugar content of raw and steamed storage roots of 'Pungwonmi' was higher than that of 'Yulmi'. ${\beta}$-carotene content of 'Pungwonmi' was 9.1 mg/100g DW. Yield of marketable storage root over 50 g of 'Pungwonmi' was 24.3 MT/ha under the early season culture, which was 46% higher than that of 'Yulmi'. The number of marketable storage roots per plant was 2.8 and the average weight of marketable storage root was 156 g under the optimal and late season culture. Marketable storage root yield of 'Pungwonmi' was 24.1 MT/ha under the optimum and late season culture, which was 26% higher than that of 'Yulmi'. (Registration No. 6428).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.166-177
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• 2016

This essay explores the problems with applying the concept of "original form" to natural heritage when it is based on originality and diachronic, historical period. It also suggests an alternative perception that the concept of "original form" can be considered based upon "integrity". First, the conceptual framework for applying the concept of "original form" falls into three types: one that centers on the time point at which heritage originated; another that respects the diachronic characteristics of the concept of "original form"; and the last that bases original form on a particular time after the heritage originated. Second, the national policy for the conservation of natural monuments and scenic sites stayed at the level of consulting the Decree on the Preservation of Treasures, Historical Remains, Scenic Sites, and Natural Monuments of Joseon, under Japanese colonial rule. And after the legal framework was established through enacting and proclaiming of the Cultural Heritage Protection Act in 1962, 564 cases have been designated as natural monuments. Third, the natural conservation movement, the first national policy for natural heritage, was initiated from the heritage field, but the Environment Ministry subsumed all nature-related policies and ever since the heritage agency (Cultural Heritage Administration) has implemented only heritage policies regarding "cultural" heritage. The present state of the coexisting policies about the natural heritage by the Environment Ministry and the Cultural Heritage Administration resulted in leading the public confused about official terms and main policy agency of natural heritage. Fourth, the difficulty of applying the concept of "original form" to natural heritage stems from the fact that natural heritage is inherently distinct from cultural heritage, which is placed at the center of the heritage policies implemented by the heritage agency. In addition, natural heritage, similarly distinct from the overall natural environment, has evolved in a way that incorporates human culture and thus diversely includes characteristics of originality, diachrony, and historical period. Under these circumstances, an incorporative, professional approach is required rather than independent approaches for each type of natural heritage. In conclusion, this essay suggests that issues related to the restoration of original conditions of natural heritage should be resolved through the application of the "integrity" concept by restoring "the characteristics of an object or a place that imbue it with meaning and value," with consideration given to efforts for alleviating logical contradictions within the concept of "original form" through the preparation of standards and guidelines for the restoration of original condition.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.144-157
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• 2009

Nondestructive methods to check the vitality of trees and to find out internal decay of old-giant trees include the use of electrical resistance, ultrasound transmission time, microdrilling, and infrared thermography etc. Among these, ultrasound transmission offers some advantages compared to others such as it is an entirely nondestructive detection method and it can be applied to very big trees. However, the ultrasound equipment is comparatively expensive and not broadly spread yet. On the other hand, Shigometer is versatile to be applied to check vitality of the tree and find out internal decay. Electrical conductivity of plant tissues is a very useful characteristics to determine the vitality and internal decay of trees. Electrical resistance of cambial area tells about the vitality of a tree and electrical resistance of heartwood reveals discoloration or decay of it. For determination of the vitality of the tree, the standard equation for calibration of measured electrical resistances should be developed by measuring and analyzing electrical resistance from at least 30-40 trees of the same species with that tree. All the factors, especially tree species, diameter of the stem, and temperature, which can altered the electrical resistance of trees, should be taken into consideration in the development of the equation. If the standard equation is developed for old-giant trees that we should conserve, it will be very useful. In addition, periodical and continued measuring of a certain tree will help to determine the condition of the tree by comparing the measurement with accumulated data of the tree. Measuring electrical resistance of wood might not require the standard equation. But it also needs to check electrical resistance of sound wood of the same tree species. If the stems that should be examined is thicker than 40cm, it is better to use the ultrasound measurement combined to Shigometer.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.73-104
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• 2007

Centering around ruins recognized of being relatively early stage related to flat tile and brick, excavated in Silla capital area, the study attempted elementary approach to seek the appearance time of every remain through comparing them from the excavated cases and production methods of Short beating, Medium beating plate, Long beating plate and Stamped-roof tile. Gyeongju began to use the short beating plate made of tile-less plates or tile plate and increased its quantity. That is deemed to be due to efficiency of beating plate making methods, and moreover to be limited only for use in the palace castle and offices. That is, making short beating plates is presumed to be made merely under some definite objectives. Medium beating plate has been spread to the whole country since Silla and Baekje united. Differently from Koguryo and Baekje, Silla had its unique Beating-plates making technology available for mass-production, which was spread to the whole country and resulted in disappearing of Koguryo and Baekje technology. Long beating plate was not nearly founded in Gyeongju area, but flat tile and common tile excavated in Sachunwang Temple site and Samrang Temple 3rd remains are known. In the outskirts of Gyeongju, long beating plate appeared between the latter half of 8C and the beginning of 9C. Until now, different views have raised to appearance of long beating plate of Unified Silla, which is expected to be clarified under the situation excavated by position relations. Stamped-roof title in Gyeongju is estimated as used after the datum point year 679. While in Baekje area, five stems and branches were involved, in Silla area, code or sign was shown much. The difference between two areas would be due to each other factory, and especially the marked contents werenot letters, which means it had been changed from Baekje s existing-methods. That is, it says the production environment changed owing to Silla's merging. And stamped-roof tile was temporarily used in Gyeongju but soon disappeared, which was because Silla beating plates made under cylinder-shaped tile barrel(圓筒瓦桶) and hitting-pressing of Medium beating plate had beenspread to the whole country, so the production technology of Koguryo and Baekje was naturally dismissed. In consequence, the mergence by Silla brought about unification of each nation's special technology.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.145-178
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• 2019

The genus Pseudostellaria (Caryophyllaceae) in Korea was investigated in order to clarify the taxonomic positions and scientific names among the species in this genus based on morphological characteristics. P. ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis and P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis share several characteristics (trichome on the sepal margin and midvein, five petals, and stem reclining to the ground after flowering) with P. davidii. P. ${\times}$ bohyeonsanensis, resulting from natural hybridization of P. davidii and P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata, has sterile fruit and a long pedicel (2.2-6.0 cm). P. ${\times}$ seoraksanensis, a natural hybrid of P. davidii and P. palibiniana var. palibiniana, has sterile fruit and a short pedicel (1.1-1.8 cm). P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata shares several characteristics (long pedicels of chasmogamic flowers that elongate to the ground when bearing fruit and cleistogamic flowers with a long pedicel) with the related taxa P. okamotoi var. okamotoi. P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata has slender root tubers, glabrous pedicels, and 5-9 petals. P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis is described from Gageodo Island. It is similar to P. palibiniana var. palibiniana having chasmogamic flowers at the stem terminal, 5-7 petals, and a short pedicel, but P. palibiniana var. gageodoensis is distinguished by 1-2 rows of trichomes on the pedicel, a large sepal size, a large petal size, and a branched stem at its base. P. ${\times}$ biseulsanensis, from a natural hybrid of P. heterophylla and P. okamotoi var. longipedicellata, has a solitary aerial stem, a chasmogamic flower at the stem terminal, a shallow marginate or bitten petal apex, one row of trichomes on the pedicel, and sterile fruit. P. ${\times}$ segeolsanensis, from a natural hybrid of P. palibiniana var. palibiniana and P. okamotoi var. okamotoi, is described from Segeolsan Mt. It has numerous aerial stems, a chasmogamic flower at the stem terminal, 1-2 rows of trichomes on the pedicel, and fertile fruit. Consequently, the genus Pseudostellaria in Korea has been classified into eight species, four hybrids, two varieties, and five forms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.346-361
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• 2021

The range of D. spathulata identified in this survey was between N 35° 24' 58" ~ N 35° 26' 35", E 129° 05' 43" ~ E 129° 07' 04". It is located at an altitude of 98~592 m. The soil pH was strongly acidic in the range of 4.2~4.9, with a canopy openness of 18.56% and a chlorophyll index of 36.74 ± 2.80. As a result of the TWINSPAN analysis, 20 plots of 100 m² each were divided in 4 communities: Pinus densiflora community, Quercus monglica-Diabelia spathulata community, Quercus serrata-Diabelia spathulata community and Carpinus tschonoskii subassociation. The result of species diversity was 0.7615, and evenness and dominance were found to be 0.6077 and 0.3923, respectively. The height of D. spathulata is up to 3.4 m, and the average height is 1.1 m, with most of the species distributed as shrubbery and herbaceous. The average population density of the 20 plots was 1.635 individuals/m², the height range of flowering was 1.0 ~ 1.8 (aver. 1.39 m) and the rate of flowering was 27.37%. It's propagation pattern was mainly formed by extending the rhizome to the side, creating a colony of ground stems.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.278-286
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• 2019

Sesbania, an annual herb, is known for its high forage value and salt tolerance. It has merits as a forage crop that is adaptable to reclaimed land in the Republic of Korea. Therefore, we collected Sesbania genetic resources from the Republic of Korea and other countries, and conducted experiments to evaluate their potential as a forage crop in Korean climate and soil conditions. In the preliminary experiments, 15 genetic resources which were able to set seeds in Korean environment were selected out of a total of 46 collected genetic resources. Among 15 genetic resources, SL13 was the tallest and it was followed by that of SC04, SR01 and SE07. The accessions with the earliest flowering started flowering 101 days after sowing and set seed in early August. Fifteen accessions were evaluated for their salt tolerance at germination stage based on germination rate and growth of germinated seedlings at 0 mM, 150 mM and 300 mM NaCl concentrations. Five genetic resources like SC04, SL13, SS20, SS24 and SR01 were selected to be tolerant to NaCl treatment. Forage value was evaluated based on crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The forage value of leaves was significantly higher than that of stems, and the forage value of the stem was slightly better than that of rice straw. The forage value of leaves of all the genetic resources was higher than grade 1 by the American Forage and Grassland Council grade. Among five selected genetic resources, the relative feed value of SC04 was the highest and it was followed by that of SS20, SL13, SS24 and SR01.