• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2001

Objective : There are many reports that acupuncture has thermoregulatory effects on human and animals. To investigate the effect and mechanism of antipyretic action of acupuncture, we observed the body temperature and cytokine expressions in the hypothalamus of rats. Methods : Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, i.p., 2.5mg/kg) was injected to conscious rats (Sprague-Dawley, male, n=4l) to cause hyperthermia and simple needling (stainless steel, 0.25 mm o.d., 5 mm insertion for 10 sec with no manipulation) was performed bilaterally with the measurement of rectal temperature. Next, we sacrificed rats to remove brain and determined the level of mRNA for interleukin-6 (IL-6), $interleukin-1{\beta}{\;}(IL-1{\beta})$, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and $interferon-{\gamma}{\;}(IFN-{\gamma})$ in the hypothalamus by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Resul1s : Needling on forepaw (acupoint HT8) and needling on hindpaw (acupoint BL66 and acupoint LR2) significantly inhibited LPS-induced fever of rats (P<0.01, 10 min after treatment respectively), but same treatment on proximal tail (non-acupoint) did not cause any change on fever. The levels of IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA in the hypothalamus was significantly enhanced by LPS-injection, while the level of IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA was markedly reduced after treatment on BL66 (P<0.01). Treatment on forepaw reduced it slightly, but not significantly. Equivalent stimulation on proximal tail did not cause any changes. Conclusions : Our results indicate that acupuncture stimulation on various body parts has differential thermoregulatory effects on LPS-induced fever of rats with site-specificity. And, we suggest that its antipyretic action might be accompanied with the suppression of hypothalamic production of pro-inflammatory cytokine of immune system, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.11 s.176
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• pp.45-50
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• 2005

In this study, the casting/forging process was applied in manufacturing a low control arm, in order to prove that application of casting/forging process to Al6061 is likely to get the effect of light weight compared with existing steel products and to reduce the cost of materials. Firstly, In order to set up the optimum casting condition of the forging material, Al6061, casting experiments were carried out by controlling pouring temperature of the aluminum for casting, mold temperature, and pouring time. $700^{\circ}C$ pouring temperature, $300^{\circ}C$ mold temperature and 10-second pouring time were taken into account as the optimum casting conditions. With respect to a hot forging test, it is practiced on the basis of a temperature of materials, strain rate, and reduction rate so as to observe each microstructure and examine strain-stress curve simultaneously; examine tensile test and hardness test; eventually set up the optimum hot forging condition. A hot forging test, tensile test, hardness experiment, and microstructure observation were carried out on condition of $70\%$ reduction rate, $500^{\circ}C$ temperature of materials, and 1 strain rate. As a result of those experiments, 330MPa tensile strength, $16.4\%$ elongation, and 122.8Hv hardness were recorded. In oder to get a sound preform which has no unfitting cavity and less flash, two preforms were proposed on the basis of volume rate of the final product; the optimum volume rate of preform for the low control arm was $115\%$. In conclusion, it is confirmed that using the forging material rather than casting materials in casting/forging process is likely to get more superior mechanical properties. Compared with Al6061, performed by means of general forging, moreover, cast/forged Al6061 can not only stimulate productivity by reducing production processes, but cut down the cost of materials by reusing forging scraps.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1626-1631
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• 2010

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary replacement of normal maize (NM) with quality protein maize (QPM) on performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of broiler (Krishibro) chickens. Six experimental diets were prepared separately for starter and finisher phases. Diet 1 was a control diet formulated with NM and soybean meal. In diets 2-5, the NM was replaced with QPM at 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively. Diet 6 was the same as the control diet, but supplemented with synthetic lysine similar to the industry standard. Each test diet was fed to 8 replicates, each of 5 chicks, reared in stainless steel battery brooders. The AME content of QPM (3382 kcal/kg) was similar to that of NM (3,352 kcal/kg), but protein (9.91 vs. 8.94%), lysine (0.40 vs. 0.26%) and tryptophan (0.09 vs. 0.07%) contents of QPM were higher than NM. Dietary replacement of NM with 50% QPM significantly (p<0.05) improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, humoral immune response, relative bursa weight, and breast muscle yield and lowered abdominal fat content. No further improvement in these parameters was recorded by increasing the level of replacement of NM with QPM to either 75% or 100%. Further, the improvement noticed in the 50% QPM group was similar to the group fed the NM diet with lysine supplementation, and thus dietary replacement of NM with QPM at 50% did not need extra synthetic lysine supplementation. It is concluded that dietary replacement of NM with QPM at the 50% level resulted in optimum performance, higher breast muscle yield and higher immune response in broiler chickens.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.843-848
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• 2013

As the LNG demands are growing, the constructions of LNG FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Off-loading) and LNG carriers have been constantly increased, and the various design of storage tank has been tried. This paper propose that the material of inner storage tanks is made of 5~9% Ni steel plate and perlite powder insulation instead of urethane foam block. It needs essentially to obtain the proper design specifications that are the pressure of perlite, the characteristics of resilient blanket as the pressure absorber, optimum thickness of blanket and design pressure of tank wall, etc. to enable the perlite insulation system to LNG carrier, The results show that the design thickness of blanket should be between 1/4 to 1/3 of insulation width and the optimum rate becomes 30%, and the design pressure be applied below 1,500 Pa with blanket thickness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of replacing soyabean meal (SBM) at 50 and 100% with conventional (CMC) and low glucosinalate mustard cakes (LGMC) in iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets in broiler chickens. All these diets contained 0.1% choline chloride with a purity of 50% (w/w). Another diet was prepared by replacing SBM in toto with CMC with no supplemental choline to find out the possible role of supplemental choline in mustard cake (MC) based diets. Two hundred and seventy day-old broiler chicks were distributed randomly in 54 stainless steel battery brooder pens of five chicks in each pen. Each experimental diet was allotted at random to nine battery brooders and offered ad-libitum from day 2 through 42 days of age. Body weight gain was significantly depressed by total replacement of SBM with either LGMC or CMC at 21 days of age. Non-supplementation of choline significantly depressed the growth compared to those fed CMC 100% with supplemental choline. However, at 42 days of age, such an effect was seen only with CMC. Replacement of SBM with CMC 100% with or without choline supplementation depressed the body weight gain. The concentrations of cholestorol and tryglicerides in serum and the relative weights of ready to cook yield, giblet and gizzard decreased by incorporation of mustard cakes in broiler diets. The trend in fat and protein contents in breast and thigh muscles and liver was not clearly attributable to the treatment effect. Based on the results, it is concluded that SBM can be replaced in toto with LGMC (535.0 and 466.5 g/kg starter and finisher diets, respectively) or up to 50% (215.0 and 186.7 g/kg starter and finisher diets, respectively) with CMC in commercial broiler chicken diets. Choline supplementation at 0.1% level in broiler diets containing CMC was found to be beneficial during starter phase.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.504-509
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• 2016

Production processes of double wall bellows can be roughly categorized into two steps. In the first step, inner and outer bellows are made of STS316L in austenite stainless steel due to their excellent formability and corrosion resistance. In the second step, the double wall bellows are manufactured using the welding method with both the inner and outer bellows. The microstructure and defects of each weldment are observed to ensure the reliability of bellows since weldment is a highly vulnerable part, which can crack and fracture when bellows are formed or used. In this study, optimum welding conditions were derived from the analysis of microstructure and inspection of weldment of bellows that were produced using various welding procedure. Moreover, the mechanical properties were evaluated through hardness measurement of substrate, weldment and the heat-affected zone.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.481-488
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• 2000

This study was initiated in order to find alternative fuel substituting for light oil the most common fuel for heating greenhouse. The tire oil used in this research was produced by pyrolysis process, one of the final products besides steel string and carbon black in which waste tires as a form of chopped pieces broken by shredding machine are heated up to 200~30$0^{\circ}C$ with maximum restraining of oxygen supply. In order to justify light oil equivalent qualities in tire oil combustion characteristics were defined in the way of comparing kinetic viscosities in the wide range of temperature flame sizes and exhaust gas components in the various combustion conditions. We found that kinetic viscosity of tire oil was lower than light oil by 1 to 2 cSt in the temperature range showing better flowing mobility in the fuel line of the burner and no significant difference in flame size between the two oils in the all combustion treatments. However much more NO and SO$_2$ were detected from the exhaust gases of tire oil than light oil combustions. In fact tire oil contains more nitrogen and total sulfur, by 25 times and 40 times respectively than light oil according to the composition analysis. Tolerable limit for SO$_2$discharge amount defined by the national air pollution standards is under 540ppm so tire oil combustion satisfies the requirement though. It is desirable if sulfur and nitrogen filtering process shall be added in the tire oil production line. Except the exhaust gas components all greenhouse heating qualities of tire oil including hot air temperature are very identical to those of light oil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

The process of cold rolling is becoming more severe with the increase in the production of high tensile steel strip as a result of increased demand. Consequently, there is a need to develop work roll materials with better resistance to wear and roll failure. DOOSAN has developed an improved in-house 5%Cr alloy, New HSR1, with properties superior to the existing in- house 5%Cr alloy, Old HSR1. Test alloys were designed with controlled amounts of Si and Mn based on Old HSR1 and an optimum alloy was chosen based on thermal shock tests. A prototype work roll was manufactured with New HSR1, and properties of test specimens were evaluated. The results indicated that New HSR1 has better properties than Old HSR1. After application of New HSR1 work rolls, productivity increased due to advanced resistance to wear and roll failure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1377-1382
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• 2011

Recently, alternative and novel energy resources have been developed for use in the future because of the current environmental problems and exhaustion of fossil energy resources. Hydrogen energy has many merits, such as its environmental friendliness, easy storage, and easy production, but it also has disadvantages, in that it is highly combustible and explosive. In this study, a test procedure using a simple SP test under highly pressurized hydrogen gas conditions was established. In order to evaluate its applicability, SP tests were carried out using a stainless steel (SUS316L) sample under atmospheric, pressurized helium, and pressurized hydrogen gas conditions. The results under the pressurized hydrogen gas condition showed fissuring and produced a reduction of the elongation in the plastic instability region due to hydrogen embrittlement, showing the effectiveness of the current in-situ SP test.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.305-314
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• 2014

The technology-intensive unit modular method of factory production method is attracting attention by the limit of the labor-intensive and field centered wet construction method. In recent years, the unit modular method has been applied to the construction of schoolhouse and BOQ(bachelor offices' quarters), dormitories, etc. But the modular method still is not used in housing construction by the lack of verification of resident performance and construction cost. Therefore, this study analyzed the economics of modular house to vitalize the constructed residential building by modular method and to develop the modular method. According to the study results, the construction cost of the modular house was analysed more about 6.2% expensive than that of the existing housing. However, if the construction duration of modular house is shortened or the productivity of modular house is increased, the construction cost of modular house will be similar to the that of the existing house.