• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.708-717
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• 2017

Industrial innovation in Britain, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, stimulated the introduction of the factory system and the migration of people from rural agricultural communities to urban industrial societies. The factory system brought elevated levels of economic growth to the purveyors of capitalism, but forced people to migrate into cities where working conditions in factories were, in general, harsh and brutal, and living conditions were cramped, overcrowded and unsanitary. Industrial developments, known collectively as the 'Industrial Revolution', were driven initially by the harnessing of water and steam power, and the widespread construction of rail, shipping and road networks. Parallel with these changes, came the development of purchasing 'middle class', consumers. Various technological ripples (or waves of innovative activity) continued (worldwide) up to the early-twenty-first century. Of recent note are innovations in digital technology, with associated developments, for example, in artificial intelligence, robotics, 3-D printing, materials technology, computing, energy storage, nano-technology, data storage, biotechnology, 'smart textiles' and the introduction of what has become known as 'e-commerce'. This paper identifies the more important early technological innovations, their influence on textile manufacture, distribution and consumption, and the changed role of the designer and craftsperson over the course of these technological ripples. The implications of non-ethical production, globalisation and so-called 'fast fashion' and non-sustainability of manufacture are examined, and the potential benefits and opportunities offered by new and developing forms of social media are considered. The message is that hand-crafted products are ethical, sustainable and durable.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.567-578
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• 2015

In a nuclear reactor containment, wall condensation forms with noncondensable gases and their accumulation near the condensate film leads to a significant reduction in heat transfer. In the framework of nuclear reactor safety, the film condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases is of high relevance with regards to safety concerns as it is closely associated with peak pressure predictions for containment integrity and the performance of components installed for containment cooling in accident conditions. In the present study, CUPID code, which has been developed by KAERI for the analysis of transient two-phase flows in nuclear reactor components, is improved for simulating film condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases. In order to evaluate the condensate heat transfer accurately in a large system using the two-fluid model, a mass diffusion model, a liquid film model, and a wall film condensation model were implemented into CUPID. For the condensation simulation, a wall function approach with a heat/mass transfer analogy was applied in order to save computational time without considerable refinement for the boundary layer. This paper presents the implemented wall film condensation model, and then introduces the simulation result using the improved CUPID for a conceptual condensation problem in a large system.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.611-623
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• 2024

The ISP-47 TOSQAN experiment was analyzed with containmentFOAM which is an open-source CFD code based on OpenFOAM. The containment phenomena taking place during the experiment are gas mixing, stratification and wall condensation in a mixture composed of steam and non-condensable gas. The k-ω SST turbulence model was adopted with buoyancy turbulence models. The wall condensation model used is based on the diffusion layer approach. We have simulated the full TOSQAN experiment which had a duration 20000 s. Sensitivity studies were conducted for the buoyancy turbulence models with SGDH and GGDH and there were not significant differences. All the main features of the experiments namely pressure history, temperature, velocity and gas species evolution were well predicted by containemntFOAM. The simulation results confirmed the formation of two large flow stream circulations and a mixing zone resulting by the combined effects of the condensation flow and natural convection flow. It was found that the natural convection in lower region of the vessel devotes to maintain two large circulations and to be varied the height of the mixing zone as result of sensitivity analysis of non-condensing wall temperature. The computational results obtained with the 2D mesh grid approach were comparable to the experimental results.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.62-84
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to present improvement measures for youth activity policies that can change the youth activity programs, equipment and facility operation and leaders in order to cultivate youth capacities suitable for the intelligent information society. For this purpose, we conducted a literature study on the direction of youth activity policy changes with the forecasted social changes in the intelligence information society and an online survey and expert opinion surveys to identify how youth activity facilities are currently coping with the changes and to explore measures to improve youth activity policies. The research identified 17 policy tasks - 9 tasks for the program area, including 1) increase of intelligent information technology related programs, 2) increase of contents related to career resilience in career experience and training programs, and 3) systematic introduction and diffusion of STEAM and Maker education programs; 5 tasks for the equipment and facility operation area, including 1) strengthening cooperation network with external organizations related to the intelligent information technologies, 2) expansion of AR and VR technology application in activity program development, improvement and operation, and 3) big data building in the field of youth activities; and 3 tasks for the leaders area, including 1) extension of information provision on the intelligent information society to the leaders of the activity facilities, and 2) development of job models related to the intelligent information society and job training.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 2020

Magnolia kobus is known to exert various biological effects, such as antioxidant and hypnotic activity. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of M. kobus essential oil extracted using steam distillation. Its antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the paper disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Its anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring its inhibition ratio on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE₂ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Its composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that M. kobus essential oil exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with a clear zone of 18 mm and an MIC value of 0.25 mg/ml. Its clear zones against P. aeruginosa and E. coli were 14 mm and 17 mm, respectively, while its MIC values were 1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. The essential oil exhibited no cytotoxicity to the RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 500 ㎍/ml while showing NO (37.7%) and PGE₂ inhibition (24.0%). Its three main fragrance ingredients identified were 3-carene (77.07%), β-elemene (6.92%), and caryphyllene (2.86%). The results suggest that M. kobus essential oil has potential as a cosmetic functional material with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Korean Journal of Hazardous Materials
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

We analyzed the demand of competent authorities requiring adequate technical information for initial investigation of chemical accidents. Reflecting technical reports on chemical accident response by environmental agencies in the U.S. and Canada, we presented information on environmental diffusion and toxic effects available for the first chemical accident response. Hydrogen fluoride may have the risk potential to corrode metals and cause serious burns and eye damages. In case of inhalation or intake, it could have severe health effects. The substance itself is inflammable, but once heated, it decomposes producing corrosive and toxic fume. In case of contact with water, it can produce toxic, corrosive, flammable or explosive gases and its solution, a strong acid, may react fiercely with a base. In case of hydrogen fluoride leak, the preventive measures are to decrease steam generation in exposed sites, prevent the transfer of vapor cloud and promptly respond using inflammable substances including calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ground limestone, dried soil, dry sand, vermiculite, fly ash and powder cement. The method for fire fighting is to suppress fire with manless hose stanchions or monitor nozzles by wearing the whole body protective clothing equipped with over-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus from distance. In case of transport accident accompanied with fire, evacuation distance is 1,600m radius. In cae of fire, fire suppression needs to be performed using dry chemicals, CO₂, water spray, water fog, and alcohol-resistance foam, etc. The major symptoms by exposure route are dyspnoea, bronchitis, chemical pneumonia and pulmonary edema for respiration, skin laceration, dermatitis, burn, frostbite and erythema for eyes, and nausea, diarrhea, stomachache, and tissue destruction for digestive organs. In atmosphere, its persistency is low, and its bioaccumulation in aquatic organism is also low.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.195-198
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the potential use of Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Zanthoxylum piperitum A.P. DC. as a source of antimicrobial agents against food borne pathogens. Essential oils of Z. schinifolium and Z. piperitum A.P. DC. were collected by steam distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was examined using the agar diffusion and micro-dilution assays. The effectiveness of Z. schinifolium essential oil was greater against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus than other pathogens, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were 1.25, 2.5, and 1.25, 2.5, and $1.25\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Z. piperitum A.P. DC. essential oil was the most effective against all pathogens tested except for Escherichia coli O157:H7, and the MIC values against B. cereus, Salmonella choleraesuis, and V. parahaemolyticus were 1.25, 2.5, and $1.25\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Limonene, the major component of Z. piperitum A.P. DC. essential oils, had the highest inhibitory activity toward V. parahaemolyticus with a MIC value of $0.15\;{\mu}g/mL$. Meanwhile, citronellal and geranyl acetate, major components of both essential oils, displayed antibacterial activity against only B. cereus with MIC values of 1.25 and $5\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Therefore, these essential oils could be useful as antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.392-397
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• 2017

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated NiCrAl alloy foam is fabricated using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD). To confirm the influence of the FTO layer on the NiCrAl alloy foam, we investigated the structural, chemical, and morphological properties and chemical resistance by using USPD to adjust the FTO coating time (12, 18, and 24 min). As a result, when an FTO layer was coated for 24 min on NiCrAl alloy foam, it was found to have an enhanced chemical resistance compared to those of the other samples. This improvement in the chemical resistance of using USPD NiAlCr alloy foam can be the result of the existence of an FTO layer, which can act as a protection layer between the NiAlCr alloy foam and the electrolyte and also the result of the increased thickness of the FTO layer, which enhances the diffusion length of the metal ion.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2016

The hydrogen has been recognized as a clean, nonpolluting and unlimited energy source that can solve fossil fuel depletion and environmental pollution problems at the same time. Water electrolysis has been the most attractive technology in a way to produce hydrogen because it does not emit any pollutants compared to other method such as natural gas steam reforming and coal gasification etc. In order to improve efficiency and durability of the water electrolysis, comprehensive studies for highly active and stable electrocatalysts have been performed. The platinum group metal (PGM; Pt, Ru, Pd, Rh, etc.) electrocatalysts indicated a higher activity and stability compared with other transition metals in harsh condition such as acid solution. It is necessary to develop inexpensive non-noble metal catalysts such as transition metal oxides because the PGM catalysts is expensive materials with insufficient it's reserves. The optimization of operating parameter and the components is also important factor to develop an efficient water electrolysis cell. In this study, we optimized the operating parameter and components such as the type of AEM and density of gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the temperature/concentration of the electrolyte solution for the anion exchange membrane water electrolysis cell (AEMWEC) with the transition metal oxide alloy anode and cathode electrocatalysts. The maximum current density was $345.8mA/cm^2$ with parameter and component optimization.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.723-732
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• 2022

Cracking ammonia inside solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack is a compact and simple way. To prevent sharp temperature fluctuation and increase cell efficiency, the decomposition reaction should be spread on whole cell area. This leading to a question that, how does anode thickness affect the conversion rate of ammonia and the cell voltage? Since the 0D model of SOFC is useful for system level simulation, how accurate is it to use equilibrium solver for internal ammonia cracking reaction? The 1D model of ammonia fed SOFC was used to simulate the diffusion and reaction of ammonia inside the anode electrode, then the partial pressure of hydrogen and steam at triple phase boundary was used for cell voltage calculation. The result shows that, the ammonia conversion rate increases and reaches saturated value as anode thickness increase, and the saturated thickness is bigger for lower operating temperature. The similar cell voltage between 1D and 0D models can be reached with NH₃ conversion rate above 90%. The 0D model and 1D model of SOFC showed similar conversion rate at temperature over 750℃.