• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.236-247
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• 1983

Analyzed are the the DNBR(Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio) sensitivities to variations in various PWR operating parameters utilizing the Korea Nuclear Unit 1(KNU-1) design and operating data. Studied parameters in the analysis are core power level, system pressure, core inlet flow rate, core inlet temperature, enthalpy rise hot channel factor, and axial power peaking factor and axial offset. The calculations are performed using the steady state and transient thermal-hydraulics computer program, COBRA-IV-K, which is the revised version of COBRA-IV-i that has been adapted, partially modified and verified at KAERI. A reference case is established based on the design and operating condition of the KNU-1 reactor core, and this provides a basis for the subsequent sensitivity analysis. From the calculation results it is concluded that the most sensitive parameter in the DNBR thermal design is the coolant core inlet temperature while the axial power peaking factor is the least sensitive.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.3-11
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• 2014

As the recent construction projects have been carried out as a mixed-use complex project that includes architecture, civil, mechanical, electrical, and landscape, as well as become bigger and high-rise with the increased repetitive works, the TACT technique has received more attention as an effective method for achieving a target completion date by securing the continuous works. Although the TACT technique can maintain a steady flow without the interruption of works in order to utilize the resources of the repetitive works, it can not be considered as the systematic scheduling technique because the schedule computations are not possible as well as a critical path can not be recognized. This paper proposes the applicabilities of scheduling and monitoring the TACT schedule by the BDM technique as comparing and analyzing the methodologies for apartment finish works by the Excel, the Primavera(P6) based on the PDM technique, and the Beeliner based on the BDM technique that is a new networking technique, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

FCV is installed with a automatic valve attached in an high pressure cylinder to control the hydrogen flow. The supply of hydrogen from the cylinder into the fuel cell stack is controlled via the on/off operation of a solenoid attached to the automatic valve. The solenoid needs to provide the necessary attraction force even at any saturation temperature caused by drive of the vehicle. In this study, the simplified prediction equations for the saturation temperature are suggested. The finite element analysis was performed by steady state technique, according to the boundary condition in order to predict the saturation temperature and attraction force. Finally, the saturation temperature was validated through comparison between the analysis results and measurement results. From the results, the measured saturation temperature $5.9^{\circ}C$ lower with respect to the analysis results. And the error of attraction force ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 N at testing conditions.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.845-852
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• 2007

An OWC-type Wave Energy Conversion passes through 3 steps energy conversion process. This paper deal with the impulse turbine with staggered blade to improved performance by numerical analysis using commercial CFD code, FLUENT Maximum value of axial airflow velocity during exhalation is higher than that during inhalation This paper deal with special-type of Impulse Turbine so-called "Staggered Blade" for more efficiency to making air flow direct to on pressure side. Also, this paper has proposed special-type turbine with self-pitched blade more efficient.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.247-252
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• 2000

The advantages of transdermal administration are avoiding hepatic first pass effect, minimizing inter- and intra-patient variation, maintaining steady-state plasma level to provide long-term therapy from a single dose, and allowing a rapid termination of drug input. Clenbuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2-adrenergic$ receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease. For the development of transdermal systems containing clenbuterol, two limiting factors - long lag time and low flux - must be overcome. In this study, we attempted to select optimal formulation for preparation of clenbuterol patch using hairless mouse skin and flow-through diffusion cell. The flux of clenbuterol increased as the percent of clenbuterol dose dependently in the concentration range of 5-15%. Based on this result, we fixed the concentration of clenbuterol as 15%. The effect of various penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of clenbuterol through hairless mouse skin was investigated. Labrafil was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 4-fold compared with the control without penetration enhancer. Optimal enhancer concentration was 3%. The effect of various adhesives on penetration of clenbuterol was also investigated. Among the adhesives studied, MA-31 was the most effective adhesive. Furthermore, the clenbuterol patch composed of 15% clenbuterol, 3% Labrafil and 82% MA-31, which gave most excellent penetration of drug in in vitro penetration study, maintained therapeutic plasma levels in in vivo study using S.D. rats. These studies demonstrated a good feasibility of clenbuterol administration through the intact skin using a transdermal patch, and show a possibility of the development of clenbuterol patches.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.172-182
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• 2013

In this study we consider a flow line CONWIP system in which two types of product are produced. The processing times of each product type at each station follow an independent exponential distribution and the demands for the finished products of each type arrive according to a Poisson process. The demands that are not satisfied instantaneously are either backordered or lost according to the number of unsatisfied demands that exist at their arrival instants. For this system we develop an approximation method to obtain the performance measures such as steady state probabilities of the number of parts of each product type at each station, mean waiting times of backordered demands and the proportion of backordered demands. For the analysis of the proposed CONWIP system, we model the CONWIP system as a two class closed queueing network with a synchronization station and analyze the closed queueing network using a product-form approximation method for multiple classes developed by Baynat and Dallery. In the approximation method, each subsystem is analyzed using a matrix geometric method. Comparisons with simulation show that the approximation method provides fairly good results for all performance measures.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.813-820
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• 2020

NB4 cell, the human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line, was treated with various concentrations of arsenic trioxide (ATO) to induce apoptosis, measured by staining with 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) by flow cytometry. 2', 7'-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein-diacetate (DCF-DA) and MitoSOX™ Red mitochondrial superoxide indicator were used to detect intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). The steady-state level of SO₂ (Cysteine sulfinic acid, Cys-SO₂H) form for peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3) was measured by a western blot. To evaluate the effect of sulfiredoxin 1 depletion, NB4 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA and analyzed for their influence on ROS, redox enzymes, and apoptosis. The mitochondrial ROS of NB4 cells significantly increased after ATO treatment. NB4 cell apoptosis after ATO treatment increased in a time-dependent manner. Increased SO₂ form and dimeric PRX3 were observed as a hyperoxidation reaction in NB4 cells post-ATO treatment, in concordance with mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Sulfiredoxin 1 expression is downregulated by small interfering RNA transfection, which potentiated mitochondrial ROS generation and cell growth arrest in ATO-treated NB4 cells. Our results indicate that ATO-induced ROS generation in APL cell mitochondria is attributable to PRX3 hyperoxidation as well as dimerized PRX3 accumulation, subsequently triggering apoptosis. The downregulation of sulfiredoxin 1 could amplify apoptosis in ATO-treated APL cells.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.332-332
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• 2016

수공구조물 설계시 hardware와 software의 발달로 수리계산과 수치해석의 오차율이 감소함에 따라 수치해석을 이용하는 빈도가 높아지고, 신뢰도가 향상되고 있는 추세에 있다. 그러나 댐 설계에 있어 수위별 방유량 관계 검토시 수치해석값은 각 수위에 해당하는 몇 개의 유량값을 대응시켜 경향만 비교하고 수리계산 결과를 설계에 반영해 왔다. 이러한 방법은 여수로 주변에 인접구조물이 없고, 여수로 각 수문별 균등한 유량이 방류될 경우 문제가 되지 않지만, 여수로 직상류 지형에 만곡부나 지형적 특성이 여수로 방류에 영향을 미치거나, 취수탑 등 여수로에 인접한 수리구조물이 설치되어 접근수로에서 복잡한 유동을 형성하는 경우 각 문비마다 방류량의 분배율은 달라질 수밖에 없고, 수리계산 결과를 일괄 반영하기에는 오차가 증가할 수밖에 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 댐 운영시 중요한 인자 중 하나인 수위-방류량 관계에 대하여 수치모형을 이용한 정밀한 분석을 통하여 댐 여수로 운영시 오차율을 저감시키고, 적용성을 향상시키는 방안을 검토하였다. 첫째, 수위별 방류량 관계 검토시 여수로 상류에서 일정한 시간에 따라 선형적으로 수위가 증가하도록 경계조건을 설정한 후 3차원 수치해석 모형의 Output data를 단위시간에 따라 수위와 방류량이 산정되도록 하고, 기존 검토 방식대로 각 수위별 모형을 steady 상태로 수행하여 비교분석하였다. 수리계산과 기존 방식, 본 연구에서 제시한 방법에 대한 오차율 검토 결과 오차는 3 % 이내로 검토되었다. 둘째, 수치해석을 이용하여 수위별 방류량 산정시 접근유속에 대한 영향을 받게 되므로 수리계산시 에너지 경사를 이용하여 수위값을 반영하지만, 수치해석을 이용하여 수위별 방류량 산정시 경계조건을 부여한 수위값을 반영하거나, 임의의 지점에서의 수위값을 반영하는 경우 등 일괄적이지 않은 수위값을 반영하여 오차율이 증가하는 경향이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 여수로 지점별 전수두를 측정하여 방류량 값을 산정하여 비교하였다.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 1994

A computationally efficient numerical method based on potential flow is developed for time-domain simulation of the nonlinear free-surface flows around a 2-dimensional hydrofoil. This numerical method, namely, spectral/boundary-element method, is a mixed one of the high-order spectral method and the boundary-element method in time-domain. The high-order spectral method is used to calculate the nonlinear evolution of free-surface, and the boundary-element method is used to calculate the effects of the hydrofoil and the shed vortex. As application examples, nonlinear free-surface flows around a 2-dimensional hydrofoil which starts from the rest and translates near the free-surface with or without harmonic oscillations are calculated. Nonlinear/unsteady results of free-surface waves and hydrodynamic farces are shown and discussed. Particularly, the results of steady-state which are obtained as a special case of the present unsteady solution are compared with others' calculated and experimental results, and good agreements are observed.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.38-47
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• 1995

The three-dimensional multi-layer computer simulation technology for tidal current developed in the previous study is updated to a new version. many improvements are achieved by following changes : (1) No-reflection condition is adopted instead of no-gradient condition as an open boundary condition. (2) Time marching algorithm is changed so that velocity and pressure(surface movement) might be salved in turn at different time step (3) Convection term in equation of motion is estimated by upwind differencing scheme instead of central differencing. The stability is improved considerably and the steady state is achieved within 2 tidal periods which is about 3 times shorter than that of the old version. Moreover, fluctuations in time disappeared by introducing the new time marching technique. An application to the real near shore area(near Inchon harbor) is performed by the new version. Simulated results are compared with those by the simulation total developed in the University of Tokyo. Validity and effectiveness of the two simulation technologies are chocked through the comparative research works.