• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.635-649
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• 2006

The static and dynamic responses of guyed telecommunication towers can be determined by using two models, the space truss element model, and the equivalent beam-column element model. The equivalent beam-column analysis is based on the determination of the equivalent shear, torsion, and bending rigidities as well as the equivalent area of the guyed mast. In the literature, two methods are currently available to determine the equivalent properties of lattice structures, namely: the unit load method, and the energy approach. In this study, an equivalent beam-column analysis is introduced based on an equivalent thin plate approach for lattice structures. A finite-element modeling, using suitably modified ABAQUS software, is used to investigate the accuracy of utilizing the different proposed methods in determining the static and dynamic responses of a guyed tower of 364.5-meter high subjected to static and seismic loading conditions. The results from these analyses are compared to those obtained from a finite-element modeling of the actual structure using 3-D truss and beam elements. Good agreement is shown between the different proposed beam-column models, and the model of the actual structure. However, the proposed equivalent thin plate approach is simpler to apply than the other two approaches.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1141-1146
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• 1994

Cyclic fatigue experiment was carried out to predict the life time of alumina ceramics. Four kinds of model were suggested to obtain the adequate representative static stress corresponding to the cyclic stress applied to the alumina specimens. Arithmetic mean stress model gives 21.81 of the crack growth exponent, integrated stress model gives 22.15, maximum stress model gives 24.57, and equivalent static stress model gives 24.43. It is considered that the equivalent static stress model is the most reasonable and gives the best adequate crack growth exponents value.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.569-575
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose a method to develop a static equivalent model of an inverter-based distributed energy resource (DER), where the model is used for a steady-state fault analysis of a power grid. First, we introduce the characteristics of an inverter-based DER as well as its general configuration. Then, we derive the equivalent model of the DER on the basis of the characteristics. Last, the performance of the proposed method is proven by the results of computer simulations.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2000

The corrugated panels are the prime candidate structure for the floor, roof and wall of Korean high speed train. The equivalent continuum modeling approach panels can be used for the efficient design and evaluation of their structural characteristics. The equivalent continuum models, derived from the true complex corrugated panels, should have the same structural behavior as the original structures have. This paper briefly reviews three representative continuum modeling methods: the static analysis method and two plate-models based on modal analysis methods (MAM). These methods are evaluated through some numerical examples by comparing the natural frequencies and static deflections. It is observed that the plate-model based on Rayleigh-Ritz method seems to provide the best results when used in conjunction with the cantilever-type boundary conditions. The equivalent elastic constants of various corrugated panels, depending on the changes in their configurations, are tabulated for efficient use in structural design.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2013년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.236-240
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• 2013

Due to difficulty of considering dynamic load in side of a computer resource and computing time, it is common that external load is assumed as ideal static load. However, structural analysis under static load cannot guarantee the safety of structural design. Recently, the systematic method to construct equivalent static load from the given dynamic load has been proposed. Previous study has calculated equivalent static load through the optimization procedure under displacement constraints. And previously reported works to distribute equivalent static load were based on ad hoc methods. However, it is appropriate to take into account the stress constraint for the safety design. Moreover, the improper selection of loading position may results in unreliable structural design. The present study proposes the methodology to optimize an equivalent static which distributed on the primary DOFs, DOFs of the constraint elements, DOF of an external load as positions. In conclusion, the reliability of proposed method is demonstrated through a global optimization.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.589-608
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• 2017

A novel probabilistic approach is presented for estimating the equivalent static wind loads that produce a static response of the structure, which is "equivalent" in a probabilistic sense, to the extreme dynamic responses due to the unsteady pressure random field induced by the wind. This approach has especially been developed for complex structures (such as stadium roofs) for which the unsteady pressure field is measured in a boundary layer wind tunnel with a turbulent incident flow. The proposed method deals with the non-Gaussian nature of the unsteady pressure random field and presents a model that yields a good representation of both the quasi-static part and the dynamical part of the structural responses. The proposed approach is experimentally validated with a relatively simple application and is then applied to a stadium roof structure for which experimental measurements of unsteady pressures have been performed in boundary layer wind tunnel.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.443-454
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• 2005

Wind loading is very important, even dominant in some cases, to large-span single-layer reticulated shells. At present, usually equivalent static methods based on quasi-steady assumption, as the same as the wind-resistant design of low-rise buildings, are used in the structural design. However, it is not easy to estimate a suitable equivalent static wind load so that the effects of fluctuating component of wind on the structural behaviors, especially on structural stability, can be well considered. In this paper, the effects of fluctuating component of wind load on the stability of a single-layer reticulated spherical shell model are investigated based on wind pressure distribution measured simultaneously in the wind tunnel. Several methods used to estimate the equivalent static wind load distribution for equivalent static wind-resistant design are reviewed. A new simple method from the stability point of view is presented to estimate the most unfavorable wind load distribution considering the effects of fluctuating component on the stability of shells. Finally, with comparisive analyses using different methods, the efficiency of the presented method for wind-resistant analysis of single-layer reticulated shells is established.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제70권6호
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• pp.737-750
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• 2019

This paper investigates the static and dynamic behaviors of imperfect single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) modeled as a beam structure by using energy-equivalent model (EEM), for the first time. Based on EEM Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for zigzag (n, 0), and armchair (n, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented as functions of orientation and force constants. Nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli assumptions are proposed considering mid-plane stretching to exhibit a large deformation and a small strain. To simulate the interaction of CNTs with the surrounding elastic medium, nonlinear elastic foundation with cubic nonlinearity and shearing layer are employed. The equation governed the motion of curved CNTs is a nonlinear integropartial-differential equation. It is derived in terms of only the lateral displacement. The nonlinear integro-differential equation that governs the buckling of CNT is numerically solved using the differential integral quadrature method (DIQM) and Newton's method. The linear vibration problem around the static configurations is discretized using DIQM and then is solved as a linear eigenvalue problem. Numerical results are depicted to illustrate the influence of chirality angle and imperfection amplitude on static response, buckling load and dynamic behaviors of armchair and zigzag CNTs. Both, clamped-clamped (C-C) and simply supported (SS-SS) boundary conditions are examined. This model is helpful especially in mechanical design of NEMS manufactured from CNTs.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 1996년도 창립기념 전력전자학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.89-92
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• 1996

This paper describes a detailed simulation model of the static condenser (STATCON) to analyze the dynamic interaction with the ac transmission line. The static condenser was represented by a 12-pulse voltage-source inverter sharing an energy storage dc capacitor. The voltage-source inverter consists of two 6-pulse bridges modeled with ideal gate-turn-off switches. The control system for the static condenser was designed through a mathematical model deduced from the equivalent circuit. Simulation results show that the conceived model is very effective to analyze the dynamic interaction between the static condenser and the ac transmission system.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2013

동하중을 고려하는 구조해석은 전산자원과 시간측면에서 상당한 어려움이 따르기 때문에 외력을 이상적인 정하중으로 가정하는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나 정하중 조건으로 해석된 결과는 구조물의 안전설계 측면에서 충분한 신뢰를 주기 어렵다. 최근에는, 동하중의 영향을 받는 구조물의 효과적인 구조해석을 위해 동하중을 등가정하중으로 변환하는 기법이 제안되어 왔다. 이 기법은 최적화를 통해 구속조건을 만족하는 최소의 등가정하중을 구하는데, 구속조건은 임계시간의 변위를 사용하고, 등가정하중 분포 자유도는 경험적으로 선정하여 왔다. 그러나 안전설계 관점에서는 응력 구속조건을 적용하는 것이 타당하며, 경험적 자유도 선정은 몇 개의 자유도에 과도한 하중이 부과되거나 구조물의 거동에 영향력이 없는 자유도들이 선정될 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 등가응력 구속조건을 고려하는 등가정하중 최적화 방법을 제안하고, 축소시스템 개념을 도입한 주자유도, 구속조건 요소 자유도, 외부하중 자유도로 구성되는 등가정하중 분포 자유도의 구성방법을 제안한다. 수치예제에서는 제안된 방법으로 구해진 등가정하중을 사용하여 등가응력을 구하고 동하중 해석 결과와 비교함으로써 제안된 방법을 통한 구조해석 방법이 구조안전성 측면에서 타당함을 보인다.