• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1279-1291
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• 2000

The main objectives of this study were to analyze the concept of hope, so to provide basic data to develop a valid instrument to measure hope, and to develop hope enhancing nursing intervention a program for cancer patients. The hybrid model approach was applied in three phases, the theoretical phase, the empirical phase, and the analytic phase. The study was developed on universal attributes explaining generalized hope and specific hope, which were revealed in a comprehensive review of the literature. In the empirical phase, eight cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were interviewed to reveal causes, motivation, and their resource of hope according to The Hope Assessment Guide (Farren, Herth, & Popovich, 1995). In the analytical phase, the results of the two previous stages of the study were compared. The results were as follows : In the theoretical phase, six dimensions of hope emerged; affective, cognitive, behavioral, affiliative, temporal and contextual dimension. The antecedent of hope was loss, crisis, uncertainity, and stress. The consequences were renewal, development of new methods, safety, peace and transcendental competence. In the empirical phase, these six dimensions emerged as theoretical phases were verified and specified as these descriptive terms: feeling, intention, expectation, activity, relation, future- orientation, reality and goal-setting. The antecedent factor of hope was occurrence or recurrence of cancer. The consequence of hope was ability to cope with real condition, feeling of safety and comfort, peace, development of new strategy and recovery of disease. The major content of hope in this phase was related to specific hope, but it was also influenced on by general hope. In the analytic phase, general and specific hope was renamed as trait and state hope. All attributes emerged at the empirical phases, and also emerged at the theoretical phase. However, cognitive and contextual dimensions were revised and specified. In conclusion, the concept of hope is divided into trait hope and state hope, and state hope is an anticipatory expectation that occurs at the time of a stressful stimulus, such as being diagnosed with cancer. Hope is a multidimensional dynamic energized mental state which has the dimensions of affective, cognitive, behavioral, affiliative, temporal and contextual. There should be further studies to develope the state and trait hope scale according to definition and attributes of hope investigated in this study. In addition, considering results of the empirical phase, the family is very a important factor as a resource of hope, so it is necessary to consider family in implementing a nursing intervention program to enhance hope.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was designed to assess the relationship between spirituality and state hope of medical social workers in Korea and their correlation was studied to provide data in developing effective spiritual and hope intervention for medial social workers. Methods: The study surveyed 102 medical social workers in Korea from September 1, 2011 to September 30, 2011. The study employed the Korean version of the State Hope Scale (SHS) and Spirituality Scales (SS). For data analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation and simple regression were performed using the SPSS WIN ver. 17.0. Results: Spirituality scores showed a significant difference according to religion. The mean score of spirituality was 3.80/5.00 and the mean score of state hope was 6.36/8.00. Spirituality scoresand state hope scoresshowed a significant positive association (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed a significant positive association between medical social workers' spirituality and their state hope of. Future studies would be needed to further explorespirituality and state hope.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptom, spiritual well-being and state hope in early adults and middle aged patients with depression. Methods : A total of 180 outpatient were surveyed with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp) and The State Hope Scale (SHS). Mean scores of BDI, FACIT-Sp and SHS were compared between two groups of different age. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the effect of BDI and FACIT on SHS according to age. Results : Mean scores of SHS and FACIT were higher significantly in middle aged group than early adults group, while BDI was not different between two groups. And early adults and middle aged patient's state hope showed a significantly negative correlation with spiritual well-being. In regression analysis, the effect of BDI, FACIT on SHS were significant in both groups and the regression model explained 42% of the variance of state hope in early adults group and 26% in middle aged group, respectively. Conclusion : These findings suggest that in depressive symptom and low state hope relationship, spirituality is important protective factor in both aged adult outpatients with depression.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was variables in patients hemopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT) for leukemia. Method: A total of 88 participants were recruited at St. Mary's Hospital. The data were gathered from July, 2001 to June, 2002 using questionnaires. Result: The mean score of hope was $3.39{\pm}0.35$. Positive relationships were found between hope and self-esteem, physician's support, nurse's support, and satisfaction of life. And negative relationships were found between hope and depression, trait-anxiety, and state-anxiety. The major variable, that associated with hope, was the state-anxiety, explained 35.4% in the variance of the hope. Conclusion: Leukemic patients undergoing HSCT tended to have a high level of hope. Higher levels of self-esteem, physician's support, nurse's support and satisfaction of life were related with higher level of hope. And, higher the levels of depression and anxiety were related with a lower level of hope.

• Mood & Emotion
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between perceived stress level, cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategy and hope in group with high depressive symptom and higher-level perceived stress (H-H) and group with high depressive symptom and lower-level perceived stress (H-L) in patients with depression. Method : A total of 85 patients (over score of 16 by Beck depression Inventory; BDI) were surveyed with Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), Perceived stress scale (PSS), and The state hope scale (SHS). Mean scores of CERQ and SHS were compared between relatively higher perceived stress and lower perceived stress groups. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify the effect of BDI, PSS and CER strategy on SHS in two groups. Results : In ANOVA, the level of hope and maladaptive CERQ score proved to be significantly lower among the H-H group than among the H-L group, while adaptive CERQ scores were not. In Regression analysis, the effective CER strategy in SHS were 'Refocus on planning' in H-H group, while it was 'Acceptance' CER strategy in H-L group. The final regression model explained 36% of the variance of SHS in H-H group and explained 21% of SHS in H-L group. Conclusion : These findings suggest that 'Refocus on planning' and 'Acceptance' cognitive emotion strategy are helpful in promotion of state hope on depression. Especially, 'Refocus on planning' strategy is more effective in high depressive symptom and high-perceived stress level, while 'Acceptance' strategy help to promote hope in high depressive symptom and low-perceived stress level in patients with depression.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.518-525
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors as post-traumatic, self-esteem and hope that affect the quality of life in middle-aged women. Number of middle-aged women participated in the survey were 118. Data were collected by means of self reported questionnaires from June 1 to 30. and analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression with SPSS windows version 21.0. There were statistically significant differences in the quality of life health according to the frequency of hope, frequency of perceiver health status, frequency of self esteem and post traumatic state. There were significant positive correlations between quality of life and hope, perceiver health status, self esteem, post traumatic state. Negative correlations were found between quality of life and aged. Hope, perceiver health status, self esteem, post traumatic state were predictors of a quality of life Nurses should focus on factors identified in this study when developing nursing interventions to quality of life for middle-aged women.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analysis the effects of a forgiveness nursing intervention program on hope and quality of life in woman with cancer. Methods: The used design was a nonequivalent control group design with pretest and post-test. Thirty patients diagnosed with uterine cervical cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer were recruited from a University Hospital in Busan, Korea. An experimental group (n=15) was given the forgiveness nursing intervention program, and a control group (n=15) was done a common nursing intervention. The period of data collection was from June 10 to September 10, 2004. The obtained data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and ANCOVA. Results: The first hypothesis, "The experimental group would have higher hope state than control group" was supported(F =16.967, p = .000). The second hypothesis, "The experimental group would have higher quality of life state than control group" was supported (F =4.850, p =.036). Conclusions: The findings showed that the forgiveness nursing intervention program was effective to increase hope and quality of life in women with cancer. Therefore, this program may be used for a nursing practice for cancer patients who are suffering from emotional distress.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.673-684
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to meta-analyze the relationships of major concepts, which were made by synthesizing similar explanatory variables into more comprehensive concepts, to hope. Method: The relevant researches from Jan 1980 to Dec 2003, performed in adults or adult patients, were collected. Using the SAS program, meta-analysis were done with the input data of the number of subjects, the correlation coefficients provided from most of the studies or a few transformed correlation coefficients from F value. In order to get the analysis to be done in homogeneous status of the data regarding each relationship of each major concept to hope(p> 0.05), heterogeneous data were eliminated in repeating Q-test. Result: The major variable regarding relationship to self/transcendental being/life(spiritual wellbeing & self esteem) and social support(social support & family support) have very large positive effects on hope(D=l.72, D=l.27). The negative effect of the variable regarding captive state(uncertainty in illness, perceived unhealthiness status, & fatigue) and positive effect of coping(approach coping) on hope are in the level between moderate to large(D=-0.61, D=0.78). All the effects of the major concepts on hope were verified as significant statistically(p=.000). The Fail -Safe numbers showed the significant effects of the three major concepts except coping on hope were reliable. Conclusion: The results can be a guide to advance hope theory for nursing.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.90-101
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing hope in female high school students. The participants were 207 female high school students who were selected from 2 schools located at Province J. The data was collected from September, 2 to 24 in 2009, by self report questionnaires. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression, with the SPSS /WIN 13.0 program. Hope in female high school students differed by economic state and school record. Hope in female high school students positively correlated to task difficulty preference, self-regulatory efficacy, self-confidence, teacher support and peer support. Self-regulatory efficacy, peer support and self-confidence accounted for 34.7% of hope in female high school students. This study showed that self-regulatory efficacy, peer support and self-confidence should be considered in developing a practical nursing intervention program to increase hope in female high school students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.901-911
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for nursing intervention strategies to promote quality of life in cancer patients. Therefore the study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of perceived health status, self-esteem, health locus of control, self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility /severity, health promoting behaviors, and hope for quality of life. The sample was composed of 164 stomach cancer patients who visited outpatient clinics at a university hospital in Seoul. The following instruments were used in the study after some adaptation : Lawstone and others' Health Self-rating Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Wallston and others 'Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Sherer & Maddux's Self-efficacy Scale, Moon's Health Beliefs Scale, Walker and others' Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Nowotney's Hope scale and Noh's Quality of Life Scale. Data were analyzed using a SAS program for Pearson correlation coefficients, descriptive correlational statistics and stepwise multiple regression. The results are as follows : 1. The scores on the quality of life scale ranged from 115 to 243 with a mean of 177.84(SD : 25.35). The mean scores(range 1-5) on the different dimensions were : emotional state 3.37 : economic life 3.47 : physical state & function 3.52 : self-esteem 3.66 : relationship with neighbors 3.37 ; family relationships 3.80. 2. There was a significant correlation between all the predictive variables and the quality of life (r=.20-.65, p<.01). 3. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that : 1) Self-esteem was the main predictor of quality of life and accounted for 46.9% of the variance in quality of life. 2) Perceived health status, hope and perceived susceptibility/severity accounted for 11.8%, 8.3%, 1.5% of the variance in quality of life, respectively. 3) Self-esteem, perceived health status, hope & perceived susceptibility /severity combined accounted for 68.5% of the variance in quality of life. In conclusion, self-esteem, perceived health status, hope and perceived susceptibility / severity were identified as important variables in the quality of life of cancer patients.