• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.183-192
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• 1997

Pressure pain thresholds are routinely used in orofacial pain research to evaluate the response of deep orofacial tissues to mechanical stimulation. Like other psychophysical measurements, however, this technique must stimulate cutaneous tissues before stimulating deeper tissues. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of the cutaneous hypoesthesia on the pressure pain threshold in 30 healthy volunteers. PPTs were determined with electric pressure algometry over masseter, temporalis anterior, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscle before and after skin hypoesthesia. A local anesthetic cream and a control cream were applied following a placebo-controlled double-blind design and PPTs were reassessed. Two examiners measured PPTs two times on each muscles, randomly. And the EMG activity of all muscles were measured to evaluate the relationship with PPTs. The collected data were processed by SAS/STAT program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There were a tendency to increase PPTs after than before cutaneous hypoesthesia, but, there were no significant difference statistically. 2. PPTs were consistently higher in anterior temporalis than in masseter muscle. 3. In all occasions, PPTs were higher in males than in females(p<0.001). 4. A statistically significant correlation was obtained from values of intra-examiners and inter-examiners in all measured muscles. 5. A significantly positive correlation was not found between PPT and functional EMG activity.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.230-235
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• 2023

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an infrequently occurring neoplasm most commonly observed in the pleura, but it can develop in the head and neck region in occasional cases. However, no reports have described SFT in the temporalis muscle. Herein, we present the first known case of SFT in the temporalis muscle. A 47-year-old man complained of a painless palpable mass on his right temple. Facial enhanced computed tomography identified a 4.0×2.9×1.4 cm mass presenting as a vascular tumor in the right temporalis muscle under the zygomatic arch. The mass was excised from the right temporalis muscle under general anesthesia. A histopathologic examination revealed that the mass was an SFT. No complications occurred after surgery, including functional disability or sensory loss. The patient was followed up for 3 months without complications. Although SFT in extrapulmonary regions is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses that occur in the temporal area.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.751-756
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• 1999

For mass production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), high cell density cultures of Ralstonia eutropha were carried out in 2.5-1 and 60-1 fermentors by two fed-batch culture techniques of nitrogen and phosphate limitation. When the nitrogen limitation technique was employed using both an on-line glucose monitoring and control system, a high concentration level of PHB (121g/l) was obtained in the small-scale fermentor of 2.5 1. However, the PHB concentration obtained in a large-scale fermentor of 60 1 only turned out to be 60g/l. In contrast, when another fed-batch culture technique of the phosphate-limitation employing dissolved oxygen (DO) stat glucose feeding was used, a large amount of PHB was successfully produced in both 60-1 and 2.5-1 fermentors. In a 2.5-1 fermentor, concentrations of PHB and cells obtained in 58 h were 175 and 210 g/l, respectively, which corresponded to the PHB productivity level of 3.02 g/l/h. In a 60-1 fermentor, a final cell concentration of 221 g/l and a PHB concentration of 180 g/l with PHB productivity level of 3.75 g/l/h were obtained in 48h. PHB content and yield from glucose were 81% and 0.38g PHB/g glucose, respectively. These data suggest that the phosphate limitation technique is more effective compared to nitrogen limitation in the mass production of PHB by R. eutropha of a large scale.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2017

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (BDB) is a natural bromophenol compound that is most commonly isolated from red algae. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of BDB on atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages. BDB treatment (100 mg/kg) resulted in suppression of the development of AD symptoms compared with the control treatment (induction-only), as demonstrated by reduced immunoglobulin E levels in serum, smaller lymph nodes with reduced thickness and length, a decrease in ear edema, and reduced levels of inflammatory cell infiltration in the ears. In RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, BDB (12.5, 25, 50, and $100{\mu}M$) suppressed the production of interleukin-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, in a dose-dependent manner. BDB also had an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-${\kappa}B$) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1; Tyr 701), two major signaling molecules involved in cellular inflammation. Taken together, the results show that BDB treatment alleviates inflammatory responses in an atopic dermatitis mouse model and RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that BDB may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating conditions involving allergic inflammation such as atopic dermatitis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.495-498
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• 2013

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is over-expressed in several human cancers. This would suggest that inhibition of EGFR is a reasonable approach for cancer treatment. In this study we investigated EGFR blocking and its effects on the mediated signaling such as MAPK and STATb in HT29 cells. For this aim we used FITC-labeled EGFR antisense oligonucleotides encapsulated with PAMAM nanoparticles to inhibit EGFR expression. Cellular uptake of antisense was investigated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. The effect of EGFR antisense on the expression of EGFR in HT29 cells was examined by real time PCR and Western blots, which showed that antisense encapsulated with PAMAM decreased the level of EGFR mRNA and protein. In addition, real time PCR results confirmed that EGFR inhibition had an effective role in the reduction of EGFR dependent downstream genes. In conclusion, EGFR antisense encapsulated with PAMAM nanoparticles down regulated EGFR and EGFR-mediated genes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1597-1602
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• 2010

Chitinase is one of the most important mycolytic enzymes with industrial significance. This enzyme is produced by a number of organisms including bacteria. In this study, we describe the optimization of media components with increased production of chitinase for the selected bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, isolated from soil. Different components of the defined media responsible for influencing chitinase secretion by the bacterial isolate were screened using Plackett-Burman experimental design and were further optimized by Box-Behnken factorial design of response surface methodology in liquid culture. Maximum chitinase production was predicted in medium containing 4.94 g/l chitin, 5.56 g/l maltose, 0.62 g/l yeast extract, 1.33 g/l $KH_2PO_4$, and 0.65 g/l $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ using response surface plots and the point prediction tool of the DESIGN EXPERT 7.1.6 (Stat-Ease, USA) software.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.587-594
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• 2010

To develop commercially available food protein hydrolysates, the effects of different types of enzymes and substrates on bitterness and solubility of partially hydrolyzed food proteins were investigated. Four types of proteins (casein, isolated soy protein (ISP), wheat gluten, and gelatin) and five types of proteolytic enzymes (a microbial alkaline protease (alcalase), a microbial neutral protease (neutrase), papain, bromelain, trypsin) were used. To profile the pattern of hydrolysis, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) were monitored during 180 min of reaction time by pH-stat method. Casein showed the highest susceptibility to hydrolysis for all five proteases compared to those of ISP, gluten, and gelatin. In addition, the bitter intensity and solubility (nitrogen soluble index, NSI) of each protein hydrolysate were compared at DH 10%. Bitterness and solubility of protein hydrolysates were highly affected by DH and the types of enzymes and substrates. At DH=10%, casein hydrolysate by trypsin, ISP and gluten hydrolysates by either bromelain or neutrase, and gelatin hydrolysates by the five proteases tested in this study were highly soluble and less bitter.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2020

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease that is accompanied by hyper proliferation of the epidermis, erythema of various sizes, and ulceration. However, the mechanism of the development of psoriasis dermatitis is unclear. Recently, it is known that the inflammatory cytokines and Th17 cells as well as chemokine (CC motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) are involved in the process of keratinocytes hyper-differentiation, which is common in psoriasis dermatitis. Therefore, we studied the effects of yakuchinone-A, an active ingredient of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel known for its anti-inflammatory activity, to improve psoriasis dermatitis. First, cytotoxicity of yakuchinone-A was observed in cell counting kit-8 assay and not observed in 10 ㎍/mL concentration on the human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Yakuchinone-A in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on HaCaT cells inhibited mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α by up to 61.4±7.5, 23.6±1.5, 46.0±4.8%. CCL20, a chemokine that attracts immune cells such Th17 cells to the inflammation location, was also significantly suppressed by yakuchinone-A. In addition, IκB and STAT3 phosphorylation involved in the CCL20 expression was inhibited by yakuchinone-A in a concentration-dependent manner up to the level of 79.1±5.0, 80.8±2.3%. Furthermore, yakuchinone-A downregulated CCL20 mRNA expression level on IL-17A-activated HaCaT cells as a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, yakuchinone-A is expected to be developed as a new material for improving psoriasis dermatitis in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 2005

This study was performed to offer effective basic data for selection and improvement of Korean dairy cattle through identifying distributional properties among candidate genes (bovine butyrophilin, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5a, and prolactin hormone). In this study, polymorphisms of candidate genes were identified and the relationships between loci and production traits of each gene were analyzed using frozen semen of Holstein bulls (19 proven and 77 candidates). In butyrophilin (BTN) locus, polymorphisms information contents (PIC) value of BTN2 (0.372) was higher than those of others (BTN1; 0.155, BTN3; 0.254, BTN4; 0.169). As a result of analysis of genotyping STAT5a, using single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method and microsatellite locus, PIC values were 0.189 and 0.457, respectively. And PIC value of prolactin hormone gene was 0.176. In the relationships between genotypes and production traits, BTN3 was associated with 305-day production traits (p<0.05). PTAs for B allele were such as 110.43, 88.28 and 75.25 in BTN1, 3, 4 and these values were higher than those of A allele, but in the case of BTN2, A allele with 154.19 was higher than that of B allele. The results obtained from using candidate genes may be used as an useful index for the genetic improvement of dairy cattle population in Korea, and further studies are needed.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.489-496
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• 2000

Several culture systems including batch, two-stage CSTR, semi-fed batch, and two-stage cyclic fed-batch were investigated for the efficient production of the Fab fraction of PDC-E2 specific human monoclonal antibody using high cell density recombinant E. coli. A two-phase batch system and a two-stage continuous system were examined to overcome plasmid instability problems, by separating the growth and the production stages. The cell density and productivity of the two-stage continuous culture was better than that of the two-phase batch fermentation. In the two-stage continuous culture system with DO-stat, the cell growth and the productivity were superior to those of the system without the DO control. Also, almost total plasmid stability was maintained in the two-stage continuous culture system. Modified M9 medium was selected as an optimum feeding medium for the fed-batch process, and the optimum C/N ratio determined to be 2:3. The optimum feeding rate was $0.6g/\ell/hr$ for a constant feeding strategy in semi-fed batch system. When the feeding medium was fed by pulsing, it was observed that more frequent pulsing resulted in improved cell growth. The linear feeding method was the most efficient of the various feeding methods tested. Finally, high cell density culture using a two-stage cyclic fed batch system with pH-stat was tried because the linear feeding method showed limitations in terms of obtaining high cell densities, and a cell density of $54 g/\ell$ was achieved. It was concluded that the two-stage cyclic fed batch system was the most efficient system for high cell density culture of the systems tested. However, productivity improvements were lower than expected due to the extremely high accumulations of acetate, although the low levels of residual glucose were maintained.