• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2019

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to compare different standing postures with the use of standing aids for lumbar spine posture and muscle activity, and to identify the most desirable standing posture. METHODS: The lumbopelvic angle was assessed based on static radiographic measurement on the sagittal plane. Lumbar lordosis, lumbosacral lordosis, and the intervertebral joint angle at L1/L5 and L5/S1 were measured using radiography in three standing postures (standing on level ground, standing with one foot on a platform, and standing on a sloped surface). In addition, muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography to examine the co-contraction of the lumbar and hip muscles. RESULTS: Lumbar lordosis, lumbosacral lordosis, and L5/S1 intervertebral joint flexion occurred with one foot on the platform. No significant differences were found between standing on a sloped surface and standing on level ground. However, muscle co-contraction was reduced with the use of standing aids. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that standing with a foot on a platform induced lumbar lordosis, but that there was no significant difference between standing on a sloped surface and standing on level ground. However, muscle co-contraction was reduced with the use of standing aids. Based on the motor control pattern as a predictor of LBP, the use of standing aids would help workers during prolonged standing.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.163-176
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• 2014

Objectives To investigate the relationship of forward head posture to heart rate variability and standing posture (pelvic tilt, knee flexion, calcaneal eversion). Methods In the present study, thirty two subjects were recruited by convenience sampling. The forward head posture was measured via the craniovertebral (CV) angle. The pelvic tilt angle, the knee flexion angle, the calcaneal eversion angle, and the heart rate variability were measured. The correlations of forward head posture to heart rate variability and standing posture (pelvic tilt, knee flexion, calcaneal eversion) were analyzed. Results In the present results, there was a significant negative correlation between X-ray CV angle and other regions except the headache. There was a weak positive correlation between Posture CV angle and SDNN. Significant positive correlation was found between KFA and difference between Lt. & Rt. CEA. Significant weak negative correlation was found between SDNN and difference between Lt. & Rt. CEA. Conclusions Biomechanical associated with physical pain and heart rate variability, and it is related to the forward head posture changes and also suggest that clinical care is needed for this.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of the pinch strength according to testing posture(standing and sitting) and elbow flexion degree($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$). Forty normal young adults(male: 20, female: 20, mean age: $22.68{\pm}2.91$ years) participated in this study. The methods of this study were categorized as follows: 1) One set of measurement was performed on four elbow flexion degrees($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$) in two testing postures(standing and sitting) and all subjects were measured for 3 sets testing procedures in every experimental sessions. 2) Pinch strength in various elbow flexion degree was measured after 2 min rest time, and then each test set was repeatedly performed with 5 min rest time to prevent fatigue of muscles involved in the elbow joint. The result was obtained as follow: 1) In standing posture, there was statistically significant difference at $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$. 2) In sitting posture, there was statistically significant difference at $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$. 3) Statistically, there was no significant difference between standing and sitting posture in same elbow flexion degree, however pinch strength in standing posture was higher than sitting posture.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2001

Low back pain is significant problem in today's society, with lifetime incidence rate reported between 50% and 90%. Many factors associated with LBP are reported. The purpose of this studies were to be evaluated static standing posture aberrations in chronic LBP in comparison with healthy individuals. The samples including 80 subjects recruited to the following two groups:patients and control(normal) Questionnaires were completed by 40 LBP patients and 40 controls at the department of Physical Therapy, Saejong neurosurgical clinic in Taegu city from October 1, 1999 to March 30, 2000. The angle of lumbar lordosis was measured on lateral x-ray films with standing position. In LBP groups. the mean degree of lumbar lordosis, sacral inclination, and lumbosacral joint angle were 29.9 ${\pm}$ 9.3, 34.8 ${\pm}$ 8.2, and 12.7 ${\pm}$ 5.7 respectively. Control groups, the mean degree of lumbar lordosis, sacral inclination and lumbosacral joint angle were 35.3 ${\pm}$ 7.8, 34.9 ${\pm}$ 6.4 and 12.5 ${\pm}$ 4.3 respectively. there were significantly decreaseds in lumbar lordosis in Low back pain group. lumbar lordosis on the working posture had significant differences among groups(sitting position patients 31.4 ${\pm}$ 9.3, standing position patients 29.4 ${\pm}$ 9.3, sitting position control 35.0 ${\pm}$ 6.4, standing position control 35.5 ${\pm}$ 8.8, respectively) (p=0.034). sacral inclination on the working posture had differences among groups(sitting position patients 35.9 ${\pm}$ 8.7.standing position patients 33.6 ${\pm}$ 7.6, sitting position control 33.9 ${\pm}$ 5.9. standing position control 35.6 ${\pm}$ 6.8, respectively). lumbersacral joint angle on the working Posture had differences among groups(sitting position patients 12.0 ${\pm}$ 5.6, standing position patients 13.4 ${\pm}$ 5.9, sitting position control 11.2 ${\pm}$ 3.0. standing position control 13.4$^{\circ}$, respectively).

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2020

Purpose: This study investigated the correlation between standing balance and head-forward posture in adolescents. Methods: The participants in this study were 15 female adolescents. We took photographs of the participants' craniovertebral angle with a digital camera to determine the degree of head-forward posture. Standing balance was evaluated using the 30-second Romberg test of BT4. The measurements were taken on a stable-support surface and on an unstable-support surface using a balance pad. The data measured in this study were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0, and the statistical significance level α was established as 0.05. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed to identify the correlation between the degree of head-forward position of the participants and their balance ability. Results: When we measured 30 seconds of the Romberg test, we observed that, with their eyes open, the participants' head-forward posture and balance were not correlated. However, with their eyes closed, there was a strong correlation between the forward position of the head and the balance ability, which declined as the head position increased. Conclusion: Adolescents with severe head-forward posture exhibited problems with balance in posture control with closed eyes when visual information was not available. It can be inferred that an abnormality occurs in proprioceptor sensation due to their habitual head-forward posture. Education on correct posture and preventive activities should be recommended to improve the health of such adolescents and avoid possible future problems of physical deterioration.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of 12-week wearing of unstable shoe on the standing posture and gait mechanics. Nine healthy men were asked to wear the unstable shoes for 12-week and walk for 30 minute everyday. Their standing posture and gait mechanics were measured before and after treatment. Standing posture was measured for each side(anterior, posterior, lateral) for standing position. And gait analysis was measured joint angle of a right lower limb between first right heel contact and second right heel contact. Kinematic data were collected using video camera at 30 frame per seconds. Statistical analysis was paired t-test(p<.05) to compare before training with after that. A head tilt angle was significantly decreased for posterior side(p<.05). The angle of between center of line and surface was significantly decreased at midstance and take off during walking(p<.05). Ankle dorsiflexion significantly increased at heel contact2(p<.05) and ankle plantarflexion significantly increased at midstance and midswing(p<.05). The increase of ankle dorsiflexion showed that our results consisted with previous study. In conclusion, there was not large significant difference in static standing posture but joint angle of lower limb represented many changes with increasing of ankle motion during walking. These were of benefit to body by increasing leg muscle activity but it was necessary for man having a ankle problem to consider. Further studies concerning optimum outsole angle of unstable shoes are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.102-111
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• 2010

This paper presents a design of seat mechanism for multi-postures controllable wheelchair. The possible seat postures are reclining, tilting, standing, which are controlled by four seat mechanisms using four linear actuators. The seat mechanisms designed in this study are reclining, tilting, forward-tilting, and elevation mechanism. Three postures except standing are controlled by corresponding mechanisms, but the standing posture is performed by combination of the reclining and the forward-tilting mechanism. Posture control system is composed of PID controllers and a planner to determine a feasible posture based on a posture transition diagram. Simulation results show that the seat mechanism and its control system are applicable to a multi-postures controllable wheelchair.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1994

Biofeedback devices have been used successfully to improve head control and symmetrical walking in cerebral palsied children. Biofeedback of postural sway was investigated as a therapeutic technique to reduce postural abnormality in 24 selected children with cerebral palsy. Subjects were evaluated their weight distribution of both sides during their standing before and after the visual and auditory feedback training. The effectiveness of biofeedback was compared to conventional physical therapy practices in reestabilishing symmetrical standing in cerebral palsied children. Our study found biofeedback was effective in training symmetrical standing posture.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.305-315
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the changes of head posture according to natural standing or sitting posture. Twenty seven healthy dental students without any signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders participated in this study. Cervical resting posture (CRP) of the head in sagittal plane was measured by Cervical-Range-of-Motion $^\textregistered$(CROM, U.S.A.) and lateral cephalograph was taken in natural posture. The items related to angle in cephalograph were the angles of cranial and cervical inclination to true vertical line(VER/NSL, VER/AML), the angles of cervical inclination to nasion-sella line(CVT/NSL, OPT/NSL), the angles of comical inclination to horizontal line(CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR), the angle of cervical lordosis(CVT/OPT). The items related to line measurement were the distance from subocciput to Cl(Dl), Cl to C2(D2), C2 to C3(D3), C3 to C4(D4), the upper(PNS to posterior pharyngeal wall) and the lower(tongue base to posterior pharyngeal wall) pharyngeal space, the distance from nation to mention(Na-Me), and the radius of comical curvature from the first comical vertebra(Cl ) to the fifth cervical vertebra(C5). The data were analyzed with SAS/STAT program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Most items related to angular measurement showed significant difference between in standing and sitting posture. The angles of CRP, CVT/NSL, OPT/NSL, CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR, and CVT/OPT were high in sitting posture, but the angles of VER/NSL, VER/NSL were low in sitting posture. 2. In vertebral distance, only the distance between C3 and C4 was differed by the posture, which decreased in sitting posture. In sitting posture, the distance from nasion to menton(Na-Me) was longer, but the radius was shorter than in standing posture. 3. Correlationship in angular measurements was almost same in both postures. Ceervical resting posture(CRP) was correlated with VER/NSL, VER\ulcornerNSL was correlated with CRP, CVT/NSL, and OPT/NSL, VER/AML was correlated with CVT/HOR, OPT/HOR, CVT/OPT, and the angle of cervical lordosis(CVT/OPT) was correlated with the radius. 4. Correlationship in linear measurement was observed only in among D3, D4, and radius. And the Na-Me was not correlated with any other items. From this results, The author concluded that the head posture in sitting was mote backward extended than in standing.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 2022

Background: Pilates exercises are used for body shape correction because they can achieve correct posture alignment through spinal stabilization. Objects: This study aimed to determine whether the use of reformers increases the effectiveness of Pilates core exercises on body alignment in standing. Methods: The study included 30 women without known diagnoses of musculoskeletal and neurological disorders or cancer. Those who had taken more than 10 Pilates lessons were excluded. The participants were randomly assigned to either the reformer exercise group or the mat exercise group, and interventional Pilates exercises were performed for 60 minutes a day, three times a week, for a total of 8 weeks. Ten movements of the reformer and mat Pilates core exercise programs were included. Exbody^® 9100 MOMI musculoskeletal analysis equipment (Exbody Inc.) was used to assess the alignment of the standing posture in the frontal plane. Results: As a result of comparing the differences within and between the groups before and after the intervention using the two-way mixed analysis of variance test, height differences in the head, pelvis, left and right, shoulders, scapulas, knees, and ankles in the frontal plane after the intervention were found in both groups. For example, the left-right symmetry of the body alignment in the standing posture was significantly improved within each group (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Both the reformer and mat Pilates core exercises were effective for standing posture alignment, which has clinical significance. If an exercise program is developed based on the analysis of movements necessary for posture improvement and the target muscles to be strengthened, the same effect can be achieved only with mat exercise without using the reformer equipment at the beginner stage.