• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2007

Purpose : Short stature is an important complication that impairs the quality of life in survivors of childhood brain tumors. We studied their final adult height (FAH) to evaluate risk factors for short stature. Methods : We reviewed the medical data of 95 survivors of childhood brain tumors (64 males and 31 females) who had been followed up from 1982 to 2006, reached FAH, and had a more than five year-disease-free survival. Results : Final adult height standard deviation score (FAHTSDS: $mean{\pm}SD$) of the patients was lower than those of general population ($-1.15{\pm}1.72$), HTSDS at diagnosis ($-0.13{\pm}1.57$), and target HTSDS ($-0.49{\pm}0.69$). FAHTSDS of craniopharyngioma patients did not decrease ($0.57{\pm}1.17$), but those of germ cell tumor and medulloblastoma patients were significantly reduced ($-1.20{\pm}1.45$, $-2.70{\pm}1.46$; P<0.05). The patients treated with craniospinal radiation or chemotherapy had lower FAHTSDS ($-1.93{\pm}1.58$, $-2.27{\pm}1.44$; P<0.01). In the spinal irradiation group, the younger the age at diagnosis was, the more the loss of FAH (r=0.442, P<0.01). Growth hormone replacement (GHR) didn't improve FAHTSDS, but starting GHR under 12 years was an independent factor for improving FAH once treatment methods were taken into account (P=0.01). Conclusion : The younger age at diagnosis, spinal radiation and chemotherapy were all important risk factors of height loss, and height gain was expected in patients who received GHR under the age of 12 years. Therefore, regular check-ups of growth and early intervention with growth hormones are needed for high risk groups to improve FAH.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.25
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• pp.119-132
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• 2004

Annals of the Joseon Dynasty is the authentic record of the historical facts and events taken place throughout the entire period of 472 years(25 generations, 1392~1863)described in a chronological order. The tremendous volume of the records contains the factual events taken place in almost all the fields of the Joseon Dynasty ranging from politics, economy to history of the dynasty. Not only because of its affluent contents but also with the precision of its records, it was designated as the National Treasure No. 151 in1973 by the Korean government and also registered as the Memory of the World by UNESCO in October 1997.This study is to report a exhaustive investigation results on the conservation state of annals of the Joseon Dynasty, especially Mt. Jeongjoksan edition, under the storage of the Kyujanggak in order to obtain the current condition, and thereby to estimate the any deterioration of the waxed volumes in the future. According to results of the investigation, we are going to verify damage causes of annals of the Joseon Dynasty, and to consider scientific conservation methods for the permanent preservation of invaluable cultural heritage. The major problem with the preservation of annals has arisen particularly from the deterioration of the waxed volumes of the Mt. Jeongjoksan edition. In order to provide for the counter measures for this problem, we have conducted twice investigations(first :1998~1999, second : 2003) to the internal and external conditions of waxed volumes(Annals of King Taejo~Annals of King Myeongjong).The result of the investigation has indicated that the paper quality of the some of the waxed volumes (Annals of King Taejong~Annals of King Sejong) is cracked and folded and the pages are imbedded to each other due to the hardened or congealed wax on the paper. Some of the pages are even getting moldy. And in order to detect as to whether“ there has been any deterioration progressed to the waxed books in the modern storage facility of the Kyujanggak equipped with constant temperature and humidity condition, the first investigation(1998~1999) and the second investigation(2003) have recorded the values of acidity, whiteness and moisture rate of the waxed paper, reporting an observation that there has been no difference on the measuring items. This indicates that no virtual deterioration has been progressed so far to the waxed volumes preserved in the Kyujanggak. Also, except for the causes of deterioration to the paper by insects and microorganisms, the major cause for the paper damage seems to the change of moisture of the paper caused from the alteration of the temperature and humidity of the storage environment. With this understanding in mind, we have conducted an environmental investigation on the three selected points of the storage in the aspects of the temperature, humidity, air current, $CO_2$,HCHO, and $SO_2$.It has been observed that the temperature stood at $16.9^{\circ}C~20.2^{\circ}C$ and the humidity was stable between 53%~56% during the period of the investigation. The concentration of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide of the storage were very similar to those in the air. These data lead to presume that there is no problem in the aspect of carbon oxidization. But the concentration of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and formaldehyde of the storage were detected a little higher than those of standard. Therefore, we consider that it is necessary to ventilate the internal air of the store room by means of operating air purification devices.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.26-29
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• 2011

Purpose: The general test method of the Korean Pharmacopeia specifies the test method on the clauses of quality control after manufacturing. According to KFDA Guidance for Medicines, standards of residual solvents regulates the maximum permissible dose of acetonitrile as 400 ppm, ethanol as 5,000 ppm, and acetic acid as 5,000 ppm. This study aims at identifying the type of resiual solvents in the final [F-18]FDG vial of an automatic synthesizer and measure its residual quantity. Materials and Methods: The center carried out residual solvents test of [F-18]FDG injection using Agilent Technologies 7890A with a Flame Ionization Detector. The column of Agilent Technologies 7890A used in measuring of residual solvents was CP WAX column ($30m{\times}0.53mm{\times}1.0{\mu}m$) and analysis condition was split mode 1:1 at the initial temperature $70^{\circ}C$ which was increased $20^{\circ}C/minute$ after two minutes and maintained at the final $140^{\circ}C$ for two minutes. The analysis method was as following: Firstly, ethanol-acetonitrile-acetic acid mixture was classified into four types of concentration (250-25-250 ppm, 1,000-100-1,000 ppm, 3,000-300-3,000 ppm, and 6,000-600-6,000 ppm), and $1.0{\mu}L$ of each type of concentration was injected into gas chromatography followed by an analysis of its peak domain. Then, a calibration-curve by the external standard method was drawn based on the analysis result. Results: While ethanol and acetonitrile were detected in TRACERlab MX, FASTlab had additional acetic acid. The residual quantity of the ethanol-acetonitrile-acetic acid mixture evaluated using the calibration-curve was average 72 ppm ethanol, 54 ppm acetonitrile, and 1030 ppm acetic acid for FASTlab, whereas average 439 ppm ethanol and 79 ppm acetonitrile for TRACERlab MX. This indicated that both of them were within the maximum permissible dose. Conclusion: Solvent residues in the [F-18]FDG injection were all within maximum permissible doses and proper to be used to examine a patient. The result indicated that types and quantities of solvent resides of radioactive pharmaceuticals vary depending on the automatic synthesizer.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.89-114
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• 2012

For as to world, the concern about the environment problem is enhanced than any other time in the past because of being 21 century. And the environment problem is highlighted as the world-wide issue. The time of the environment problem intimidates the alive of the mankind and presence of an earth over the time. It becomes the essentiality not being selection in the personal living or the economical viewpoint now to prepare for the climatic modification. As to the company management, the green growth period which it excludes the environment management considering an environment, cannot carry on the company the continued management comes. That is, in the change center of the management paradigm, there is the environment management. Nearly, the greenhouse gas which the publication industry is the environmental toxic material like all industries is generated. The greenhouse gas is ejected in the process of running the manufacturing process and print shop of the various kinds material used as the raw material of the book. Particularly, the tree felling for getting the material of the paper is known to reach the direct influence on the global warming. This study does according to an object it considers and organizes the environment parameter based on this kind of fact as to the publication industry. And it is determined as the reference which is used as the basic materials preparing the case that carbon exhaust right transaction(CAP and TRADE) drawing are enforced in all industries and is sustainable the management of the publication industry and reduces the environmental risk among the company many risk management elements and plans and enforces the publication related policy that there is a value. In the printing publication industry, this study tried to inquire into elements discharging the environmental pollutant or the greenhouse gas. Additionally, in the printed publication production process, it tried to inquire into the effort for an environment-friendly and necessity at the printing paper and the printers ink, regarded as the element discharging the greenhouse gas all kinds of the printing materials, operation of the print shop and all kinds of the machines and recycle process, and etc. These considerations make these industrial field employees aware of the significance about a conservation and environmental protection. They try to give a help in the subsequent study producing quantitatively each environmental parameter emission of green house gas. This makes the calculation of the relative $CO_2$ output reproached ultimately possible. Meanwhile, in a sense, many research protects and improving an environment in connection with the contents of research at the printing publication industrial field is in progress. There will be the voluntary human face that it has to protect an environment but this can not do by the outside factor according to all kinds of environment related law and regulation. Anyway, because of acting on company management as the factor of oppression, the increase of this environment-related correspondence cost could know that the research that the environment loading relates with a procurement and development, environment management system introduction, quality control standard, including, normalizing including a material, and etc. through the part of the effort to reduce the cost low was actively in progress. As to the green growth era, as follows, this paper prescribed the subject and alternative of the print publication industry. It is surrounded by the firstly new digital environment and the generation of the subject. And secondly the printing industry is caused by the point of time when the green growth leaves by the topic which is largest in the global industry and it increases. The printing publication industry has to prepare the bridgehead for the environment-friendly green growth as the alternative for this resolution with first. The support blown in each industry becomes the obligation not being selection. Prestek in which the print publishing was exposed to spend many energies and which is known as the practice of the sustainable print publishing insisted that it mentioned importance of the green printing through the white pages in 2008 and a company had to be the green growth comprised through the environment-friendly activity. The core management for the sustainable printing publication industry presented from Presstack white pages is compacted to 4 words that it is a remove, reduce, recover, and recycle. Second, positively the digital printing(POD) system should be utilized. In the worldwide print out market, the digital printing area stops at the level of 10% or so but the change over and growth of the market of an analog-to-digital will increase rapidly in the future. As to the CEO Jeff Hayes of the Infoland, the offset print referred to that it of the traditional method got old and infirm with the minor phase of the new printing application like the customer to be wanted publication and the print of the digital method led the market. In conclusion, print publishers have to grasp well the market flow in the situation where a digitalization cannot be generalized and a support cannot avoid. And it keeps pace with the flow of the digital age and the recognition about the effort for the development and environment problem have to be raised. Particularly, the active green strategy is employed for the active green strategy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.74 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1986

During the past 4 years, I have made a careful analysis of the present rotating system of hunting areas, on the one hand, by asking a group of hunters to fill out a questionnaire, and on the other hand, by referring to the written documents on the subject. And, as a result, it is concluded that this system, by varying the hunting grounds each year, contains in itself several problems as follows. 1. The hunters find it quite inconvenient to use a different hunting ground year after year and they also complain that the present hunting ground charge is more than it is worth. Therefore, it is expected that the number of hunters will explosively increase in the future with the betterment of hunting conditions. 2. The hunters have almost no information about game and they are, as a whole, lacking in the ethics of hunting. 3. The allotment of time in hunting training courses is not so sufficient that it is next to impossible to improve the quality of hunters. 4. As a rule, the population density of wildlife is so sparse that it falls short of the proper standard of it. 5. The present hunting system does not seem to contribute to the advancement of tourism. 6. It is absolutely necessary to make a general survey of the situation of wildlife for the legal protection of it. Besides, the interests of hunters are so closely tied up with those of farmers and foresters that dreastic measures should be taken to settle their conflicting differences. For the purpose of solving the above-mentioned problems and at the same time, of developing sound hunting practices in the long run, I hereby make two suggestions. 1. The Establishment of the Hunting License Test System It is desirable to issue a license to a prospective hunter after he has met a special qualification and then passed a test so that he may have bits of information needed for his hunting activities. 2. The Introduction of The Revier System The fundamental concept of this system is based on the assumption that the private landowner should reserve a right to the pursuit of game and take responsibility for wildlife management.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.348-354
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Globally, concern about emerging infectious diseases of livestock is growing. For the disposal of the animal carcass, it is necessary to recycle the carcass into an agriculturally usable product. The objective of this study was to investigate the composting conditions of liquid by-product obtained from degradation of animal carcass. METHODS AND RESULTS: Optimum conditions of liquid fertilizer were investigated using different microorganisms, pHs, and volumes of microorganisms (Lactobacillus rhamnosus+Pichia deserticola). Based on the results from the optimum conditions, compost maturity and quality of liquid fertilizer were evaluated for 112 days. The compost maturity of liquid fertilizer were higher in the order of LP(Lactobacillus rhamnosus + Pichia deserticola) > BC(Bacillus cereus) > BS(Bacillus subtilis). The optimum condition under different volumes of LP was injection of 0.5 mL/100 mL. The compost maturity under different pHs were higher in the order of pH 7 > $$5{\geq_-}9{\frac{._-}{.}}11$$. The liquid by-product at 56 days after composting was completely decomposed. The concentrations of T-N, T-P and $K_2O$ in liquid fertilizer at 56 days were 0.94, 0.17 and 3.78%, respectively, and the sum of those concentrations was 4.89%. CONCLUSION(S): Liquid fertilizer of by-product using pig carcass was decomposed with optimum conditions(LP, pH 7, injection of 0.5 mL/100 mL) in 56 days after composting, and was suitable for official standard of commercial fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_2
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• pp.661-676
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• 2017

This study suggests a new method not only to produce the 1 km-resolution seasonal prediction but also to improve the seasonal prediction skill of temperature over South Korea. This method consists of four stages of experiments. The first stage, EXP1, is a low-resolution seasonal prediction of temperature obtained from Pusan National University Coupled General Circulation Model, and EXP2 is to produce 1 km-resolution seasonal prediction of temperature over South Korea by applying statistical downscaling to the results of EXP1. EXP3 is a seasonal prediction which considers the effect of temperature changes according to the altitude on the result of EXP2. Here, we use altitude information from ASTER GDEM, satellite observation. EXP4 is a bias corrected seasonal prediction using genetic algorithm in EXP3. EXP1 and EXP2 show poorer prediction skill than other experiments because the topographical characteristic of South Korea is not considered at all. Especially, the prediction skills of two experiments are lower at the high altitude observation site. On the other hand, EXP3 and EXP4 applying the high resolution elevation data based on remote sensing have higher prediction skill than other experiments by effectively reflecting the topographical characteristics such as temperature decrease as altitude increases. In addition, EXP4 reduced the systematic bias of seasonal prediction using genetic algorithm shows the superior performance for temporal variability such as temporal correlation, normalized standard deviation, hit rate and false alarm rate. It means that the method proposed in this study can produces high-resolution and high-quality seasonal prediction effectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.5 s.72
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• pp.840-846
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation and cooking temperature on physico-chemical characteristics and lipid oxidation of beef. A total of six beef carcasses ($280\∼300 kg$) that were quality grade $1^{+}$(marbling score No.7, meat color No.4, maturity No.1, texture No.1) was purchased at the commercial slaughter house. The carcasses were transported and washed using high pressure water, and pasteulized with $ 50\% $ ethyl alcohol in the laboratory. After the carcasses were deboned and trimmed, loin and round were taken out to make steak (1.5cm thickness) or ground beef respectively. Samples were wrap or vacuum packaged and irradiated with 0, 3, 4.5, 6 and 7.5 kGy using electron-beam accelerator at Samsung Heavy Industries Ltd. Co. (in Taejun). Irradiated samples were cooked with different methods(electronic pan and gas oven) and temperatures ($ 60^{\circ}C, 70^{\circ}C and 80^{\circ}C$) and used to measure fatty acid composition, TBARS, cholesterol oxide products and panel test scores. The content of saturated fatty acids increased by increasing heating temperature in oven boiling steak (OBS) and pan boiling steak (PBS), and there was no difference by electron-beam irradiation. Both irradiated and non-irradiated treatment were high as the heating temperature increased in TBARS by heating temperature in PBS (p < 0.05) and the amount of Malonaldehyde (MA), standard of fat deterioration, was increased in OBS (p < 0.05). Non-irradiated and 3, 6 kGy treatment produced about 2 fold amount of MA at $ 60^{\circ}C $ compared with $ 80^{\circ}C $. In comparison with PBS, OBS produced much amount of MA and a bit different from non-irradiated treatment but did not show no tendency. As irradiation levels and heating temperature increased, the amount of cholesterol oxides products was increased and also pan-heating method, direct heating method, significantly increased the degree of oxidation compared with oven-heating method, indirect heating method (p < 0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.730-738
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties of coffee brews according to coffee bean grinding grade. We also examined the effect of grinding grade on amounts of volatile flavor compounds. Coffee brew samples were separated using standard sieves (with pore sizes of 850, 600, and $425{\mu}m$), making particle sizes of ground beans as follows: whole bean (control), $850{\mu}m$ or more (coarse), $850{\sim}600{\mu}m$ (medium), $600{\sim}425{\mu}m$ (fine), and $425{\mu}m$ or less (very fine). For each particle size category, pH, total acidity, brown color intensity, chromaticity, total phenolic content, caffeine content, chlorogenic acid content, and total amounts of volatile flavor compounds generated were compared and analyzed. As grinding grade decreased, pH and brown color intensity increased from 4.84 to 5.18 and from 0.257 to 0.284, respectively, whereas total acidity decreased from 0.31 to 0.17%. As grinding grade decreased, the $L^*$ and $a^*$ color values decreased; however, $L^*$ value did not exhibit a significant difference depending on the grinding grade. The $b^*$ value was 15.75 in the very fine size category, which showed the highest yellowness. There was an 11 or higher color difference between the control and ground coffee powder, indicating a remarkable color difference. The total phenolic, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid contents of the coffee brewed from ground beans with a very fine size were 4.54 mg gallic acid equivalent/mL, $733.0{\mu}g/mL$, and $383.7{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, which were high values. The total amounts of volatile compounds in the very fine size category were found to be greater than 100 mg/kg. In this study, we suggest the basis for coffee quality evaluation, which involves evaluating changes in the physicochemical properties and amounts of flavor compounds of coffee relative to the grinding grade of the beans (basic step of coffee extraction).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 1977

In order to study the baking properties of various composite flours, naked barley flour, corn flour, potato flour, and sweet potato flour were added to the hard wheat flour respectively in a ratio of 3 : 7. Using above composite flours, effects of glyceryl monosterate (GMS), sodium stearyl lactylate (SSL), calcium stearyl lactylate (CSL), xanthan gum (XG) and polysaccharide (PS) were also examined in terms of sedimentation test, viscosity by amylograph and baking test. The results are as follows: 1) Sedimentation value decreased in the order of hard wheat flour (58), corn flour (47), potato flour (46), sweet potato flour (33). and barley flour (23). Significant effects of additives were observed for all of flours as well as for the composite flours. The most prominant result of additives was obtained with the composite flour of barley and wheat. Among the additives, mixtures of GMS and SSL at 1% final concentration and that of GMS and SSL at the same concentration increased the sedimentation value considerably. No sedimentation measurement, however, was possible for XG since the compound was precipitated by acid during experiment of sedimentation. 2) Effects of additives on the viscosity were determined by amylograph. The mixtures of GMS 1%+SSL 1% and GMS 1%+CSL 1% increased gelatinization point,maximum viscosity and cooling viscosity. GMS 1%+XG 1% or GMS 1%+PS 1% showed less effects. 3) GMS 1%+CSL 0.5% increased the specific loaf volume of bread produced from the composite flour of naked barley and wheat, and appearance, taste and texture of the product were very similar to those of the standard bread produced from wheat flour. GMS 1%+SSL 0.5%, however, increased the loaf volume of bread produced from the composite flours of corn, potato and sweet potato, and wheat. No effects were obtained with XG and PS, except slight improvement of the texture of bread. 4) No specific loaf volume of bread produced from the composite flour of barley and wheat was increased when 1% of SSL, CSL, XG or PS was used separately.